Multidrug-resistant TB

Drug treatment is continued for at least 6 months and up to 2 to 3 years for some cases of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). 

Drug treatment is the cornerstone of TB management. A minimum of two drugs, and generally three or four drugs, must be used simultaneously. Drug treatment is continued for at least 6 months and up to 2 to 3 years for some cases of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). 

Isoniazid and rifampin are the two most important TB drugs organisms resistant to both these drugs (multidrug-resistant TB [MDR-TB]) are much more difficult to treat. 

Russian prisons are a major source of multidrug-resistant TB. As tens of thousands of infected inmates reenter the civilian world every year, TB spreads when they cough and sneeze. Some experts fear that with the speed and frequency of modern travel, the resistant epidemic could spread to Europe and the United States. To counter the threat of a worldwide epidemic, the costly second-line drugs are supplied, and prison health workers are being helped to ensure that infected inmates take their entire course of drugs—even if it means the prisoners have to remain in confinement for up to 2 years past the start of treatment. 

Tuberculosis is a commimicable disease that is a detriment to the community therefore, the client is mandated to take the antitubercular medication and will be observed daily for the duration of the regimen, which may be 9-12 months. The risk of drug resistance is extremely high if the regimen is not strictly and continuously followed. This will result in multidrug-resistant TB in the community. 

Tuberculosis (TB), one of the most deadly and contagious diseases in the world, is a chronic granulomatous bacterial infection which is still an active infectious disease, especially in India. Multidrug resistant-TB is becoming an epidemic disease and is most prevalent in developing countries, which also have elevated rates of human immunodeficiency virus infection [85]. According to a study [86], a limited number of antibiotics, such as rifampicin (RIF), isoniazid and ethambutol, are the essential... 

Figure 25.3 Antitubercular agents small fragment-like molecules used as drugs (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethionamide, and ethambutoi) bedaquiline is recently approved for the treatment of multidrug-resistant TB PA824 and SQ109 are in clinical trial.

The advent of multidrug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has led to increased fears of untreatable infections by serious pathogens. Rifampicin, streptomycin and, occasionally, the quinolones are drugs used in the treatment of mycobacterial infections and resistance to those agents is as described previously. There... 

Multidrug resistant tuberculosis (TB) The presence of at least 1% of Mycobacterium strains in a bacterial population or culture that are resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin. 

World Health Organization. (2006b). Drug- and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)—Frequently asked questions. Retrieved March 27, 2007 from http //www.who.int/ tb/dots/dotsplus/faq/en/index.html... 

In addition to the three discussed above, there are a number of other pathogens within the mycolata. Infections by non-TB mycobacteria including M. avium-intracellulare, M. marinum M. ulcerans, and M. kansasii are rarely seen in healthy individuals, but are common sources of skin infections and lung disease in AIDS patients [297]. In addition, there are increasing reports of human infections caused by multidrug-resistant non-diphtheria Corynebacteria, especially in immunocompromised patients [298,299]. 

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is defined as resistance to two or more drugs. Risk factors include living in an area of over 4% INH resistance recent immigration from Asia or Latin America and a histoiy of treatment of tuberculosis without rifampin. 

Prevention C. for D.C. and. 2012. Fact Sheets Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR TB). URL < http //www.cdc.gov/tb/puhlications/factsheets/drth/mdrth.htm >. 

Like the battle against viruses, the war to stop bacterial and parasitic infections has reached the critical stage, with multidrug-resistant bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE), killing thousands of people annually in the United States [196]. Likewise, tuberculosis (TB) has killed about 1 billion people worldwide over the past two centuries. Some 3.5 milUon people in India are currently infected with TB [197]. 

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) no longer can be cured by the leading TB antibiotics isoniazid (2) and rifampicin (3). Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is a form of TB caused by organisms that are resistant to isoniazid (2) and rifampicin (3), as well as fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin (7), and ofloxacin (8) and any of the second-line anti-TB injectable drugs such as amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin. 

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