Multicomponent distillation extractive

A new chapter on membrane separations has been added, and the order of the chapters on multicomponent distillation, extraction, drying, and crystallization has been made more logical. The discussion of particulate solids has been shortened and two former chapters on properties and handling of solids and of solids mixing have been combined into one. New material has been added on flow measurement, dispersion operations, supercritical extraction, pressure-swing adsorption, crystallization techniques, crossflow filtration, sedimentation, and many other topics. The treatment of dimensional analysis has been condensed and moved from the appendixes to Chapter 1. 

Distillation, extractive distillation, liquid-liquid extraction and absorption are all techniques used to separate binary and multicomponent mixtures of liquids and vapors. Reference 121 examines approaches to determine optimum process sequences for separating components from a mixture, primarily by distillation. 

Continuous Multicomponent Distillation Column 501 Gas Separation by Membrane Permeation 475 Transport of Heavy Metals in Water and Sediment 565 Residence Time Distribution Studies 381 Nitrification in a Fluidised Bed Reactor 547 Conversion of Nitrobenzene to Aniline 329 Non-Ideal Stirred-Tank Reactor 374 Oscillating Tank Reactor Behaviour 290 Oxidation Reaction in an Aerated Tank 250 Classic Streeter-Phelps Oxygen Sag Curves 569 Auto-Refrigerated Reactor 295 Batch Reactor of Luyben 253 Reversible Reaction with Temperature Effects 305 Reversible Reaction with Variable Heat Capacities 299 Reaction with Integrated Extraction of Inhibitory Product 280... 

Azeotropic and extractive-distillation equipment may be designed using the general methods for multicomponent distillation, and detailed discussion is available elsewhere(1,42) and presented by Hoffman(50) and. Smith151 ,... 

Hoffman, E. J. Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation (Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1964). Holland, C. D. Fundamentals of Multicomponent Distillation (McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1981). King, C. J. Separation Processes, 2nd edn. (McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1981). 

Multicomponent distillation, 393 absorption factor method, 398 azeotropic, 420-426 bubblepoint (BP) method, 406-409 computer program references. 404 concentration profiles, 394 distribution of non-kevs. 395 Edmister method, 398,399 extractive, 412, 417-422 feed tray location, 397 free variables, number of 395 Lewis-Matheson method 404 MESH eauations. 405-407 molecular, 425-427 nomenclature, 405 number of theoretical trays, 397 packed towers, 433-439 petroleum, 411-415 reflux, minimum, 397 reflux, operating, 397 SC (simultaneous correction) method, 408-411... 

Two different approaches have evolved for the simulation and design of multicomponent distillation columns. The conventional approach is through the use of an equilibrium stage model together with methods for estimating the tray efficiency. This approach is discussed in Chapter 13. An alternative approach based on direct use of matrix models of multicomponent mass transfer is developed in Chapter 14. This nonequilibrium stage model is also applicable, with only minor modification, to gas absorption and liquid-liquid extraction and to operations in trayed or packed columns. 

In this chapter we discuss some work that has been done towards the development of what we shall refer to as nonequilibrium models of multicomponent distillation (and absorption and extraction) operations. The building blocks of any nonequilibrium model will include... 

Chapter 12 presents models of mass transfer on distillation trays. This material is used to develop procedures for the estimation of point and tray efficiencies in multicomponent distillation in Chapter 13. Chapter 14 uses the material of Chapter 12 in quite a different way in an alternative approach to the simulation and design of distillation and absorption columns that has been termed the nonequilibrium stage model. This model is applicable to liquid-liquid extraction with very little modification. Chapter 15 considers the design of mixed vapor condensers. 

Most of the common separation methods used in the chemical industry rely on a well-known observation when a multicomponent two-phase system is given sufficient ttmu to attain a statioenry state called equilibrium, the composition of one phase is different from thet of the other. It is this property of nature which eenbles separation of fluid mixtures by distillation, extraction, and other diffusions operations. For rational design of such operations it is necessary to heve a quantitative description of how a component distributes itself between two contacting phases. Phase-equilibrium thermodynamics, summarized here, provides a framework for establishing that description. 

This chapter introduces how continuous distillation columns work and serves as the lead to a series of nine chapters on distillation. The basic calculation procedures for binary distillation are developed in Chapter 4. Multicomponent distillation is introduced in Chapter 5. detailed conputer calculation procedures for these systems are developed in Chapter 6. and sinplified shortcut methods are covered in Chapter 7. More complex distillation operations such as extractive and azeotropic distillation are the subject of Chapter 8. Chapter 9 switches to batch distillation, which is commonly used for smaller systems. Detailed design procedures for both staged and packed columns are discussed in Chapter 10. Finally, Chapter 11 looks at the economics of distillation and methods to save energy (and money) in distillation systems. 

Knickle, H. N., Extractive Distillation, MChE Modular Instruction, Series B Stagewise and Mass Transfer Operations. Vol. 2 Multicomponent Distillation, AIChE, New York, 1981, pp. 50-... 

Equilibrium data correlations can be extremely complex, especially when related to non-ideal multicomponent mixtures, and in order to handle such real life complex simulations, a commercial dynamic simulator with access to a physical property data-base often becomes essential. The approach in this text, is based, however, on the basic concepts of ideal behaviour, as expressed by Henry s law for gas absorption, the use of constant relative volatility values for distillation and constant distribution coeficients for solvent extraction. These have the advantage that they normally enable an explicit method of solution and avoid the more cumbersome iterative types of procedure, which would otherwise be required. Simulation examples in which more complex forms of equilibria are employed are STEAM and BUBBLE. 

Smith and Brinkley developed a method for determining the distribution of components in multicomponent separation processes. Their method is based on the solution of the finite-difference equations that can be written for multistage separation processes, and can be used for extraction and absorption processes, as well as distillation. Only the equations for distillation will be given here. The derivation of the equations is given by Smith and Brinkley (1960) and Smith (1963). For any component i (suffix i omitted in the equation for clarity)... 

In addition to the applications in extractive distillation referred to above, there are other industrial examples where electrolytes in mixed solvents occur. In many industrial situations nonvolatile electrolytes are either added to effect the separation of multicomponent process streams (e.g., the complexing agents added to enhance distribution coefficients in solvent extraction) or are present as a result of the process itself. Ex-... 

Data of Azeotropes. The choice of azeotropic entrainer for a desired separation is much more restricted than that of solvents for extractive distillation, although many azeotropic data are known. The most extensive compilation is that of Ogorodnikov, Lesteva, and Kogan (Handbook of Azeotropic Mixtures (in Russian), 1971). It contains data of 21,069 systems, of which 1274 are ternary, 60 multicomponent, and the rest binary. Another compilation Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 60th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1979) has data of 685 binary and 119 ternary azeotropes. Shorter lists with grouping according to the major substances also are available in Lange s Handbook of Chemistry... 

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