Multi focused

Multi-Focus Graphics To help you develop a more complete understanding of the topic presented, Multi-Focus Graphics provide macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic perspectives to portray various chemical concepts. The Twelfth Edition adds to these graphics an intermediate process that shows you where chemistry is occurring in problem solving, xxxvi... 

Compact and Multi-focus Representations on Small Screens... 

The performance of the classifier has been verified using a number of practical applications, such as civil engineering [3], inspection of aerospace composite structures, ball bearings and aircraft multi-layer structures. Here we present shortly some results, focusing on detection of disbonds in adhesively joint multi-layer aerospace structures using Fokker Bond Tester resonance instrument, details can be found in [1]. 

The Champ-Sons model is a most effieient tool allowing quantitative predictions of the field radiated by arbitrary transducers and possibly complex interfaces. It allows one to easily define the complete set of transducer characteristics (shape of the piezoelectric element, planar or focused lens, contact or immersion, single or multi-element), the excitation pulse (possibly an experimentally measured signal), to define the characteristics of the testing configuration (geometry of the piece, transducer position relatively to the piece, characteristics of both the coupling medium and the piece), and finally to define the calculation to run (field-points position, acoustical quantity considered). 

Surface analysis by non-resonant (NR-) laser-SNMS [3.102-3.106] has been used to improve ionization efficiency while retaining the advantages of probing the neutral component. In NR-laser-SNMS, an intense laser beam is used to ionize, non-selec-tively, all atoms and molecules within the volume intersected by the laser beam (Eig. 3.40b). With sufficient laser power density it is possible to saturate the ionization process. Eor NR-laser-SNMS adequate power densities are typically achieved in a small volume only at the focus of the laser beam. This limits sensitivity and leads to problems with quantification, because of the differences between the effective ionization volumes of different elements. The non-resonant post-ionization technique provides rapid, multi-element, and molecular survey measurements with significantly improved ionization efficiency over SIMS, although it still suffers from isoba-ric interferences. 

There are a number of reasons for expecting multi-targeted cancer therapy to be superior to targeted cancer therapy focused on a single target or to classical, nonselective cytotoxic agents. 

Nowadays, a strategic area of research is the development of polymers based on carbohydrates due to the worldwide focus on sustainable materials. Since the necessary multi-step synthesis of carbohydrate-based polymers is not economical for the production of commodity plastics, functionalization of synthetic polymers by carbohydrates has become a current subject of research. This aims to prepare new bioactive and biocompatible polymers capable of exerting a temporary therapeutic function. The large variety of methods of anchoring carbohydrates onto polymers as well as the current and potential applications of the functionalized polymers has been discussed recently in a critical review [171]. Of importance is that such modification renders not only functionality but also biodegradability to the synthetic polymers. 

Control Multi-stage, distributed wavefront control phasing, pre-setting, field stabilization, focusing, fine centering, dual conjugates active optics, adaptive optics... 

To compare the epidemiological, clinical, and economic impacts of the HIV epidemic in Italy prior to and after the introduction of HAART, Tramarin et al. (2004) conducted a prospective and observational study with a multi-center design. They used data collected on an AIDS cohort from 1994 and updated data from a comparable cohort in 1998. Mortality and medical costs of 251 patients were measured in 1994 and in 1998, respectively. A considerable difference was observed in mortality (33.9% in 1994 vs. 3.9% in 1998). The cost per patient per year was US 15,515 in 1994 and US 10,312 in 1998. Based on the comparison of the two cohorts between both years, the authors concluded that after the introduction of HAART, hospital-based provision shifted from an inpatient-based to an outpatient-based service, with major focus on pharmaceutical care. 

This paper describes work on equipment and instrumentation aimed at a computer-assisted lab-scale resin prep, facility. The approach has been to focus on hardware modules which could be developed and used incrementally on route to system integration. Thus, a primary split of process parameters was made into heat transfer and temperature control, and mass transfer and agitation. In the first of these the paper reports work on a range of temperature measurement, indicators and control units. On the mass transfer side most attention has been on liquid delivery systems with a little work on stirrer drives. Following a general analysis of different pump types the paper describes a programmable micro-computer multi-pump unit and gives results of its use. 

Based on the working hypothesis described above, the author focuses on the chemistry of cyclic porphyrin oligomers (CPOs). As described in the next section, porphyrin is a multi-functional compound and the nano-sized closed space created by these molecules should therefore be of interest to chemists. 

This system is a chip version of three dimensional micro mixer-tube reactor setups [21]. It comprises a triangular interdigital micro mixer with a focusing zone that thins the multi-lamellae and a subsequent reaction channel that is surrounded... 

Usually, the buffer compartment is not accessible and, consequently, the absolute amount of X cannot be determined experimentally. For this reason, we will only focus our discussion on the plasma concentration Cp. It is important to know, however, that the time course of the contents in the two compartments is the sum of two exponentials, which have the same positive hybrid transfer constants a and p. The coefficients A and B, however, depend on the particular compartment. This statement can be generalized to mammillary systems with a large number of compartments that exchange with a central compartment. The solutions for each of n compartments in a mammillary model are sums of n exponential functions, having the same n positive hybrid transfer constants, but with n different coefficients for each particular compartment. (We will return to this property of linear compartmental systems during the discussion of multi-compartment models in Section 39.1.7.)... 

Many different types of networks have been developed. They all consist of small units, neurons, that are interconnected. The local behaviour of these units determines the overall behaviour of the network. The most common is the multi-layer-feed-forward network (MLF). Recently, other networks such as the Kohonen, radial basis function and ART networks have raised interest in the chemical application area. In this chapter we focus on the MLF networks. The principle of some of the other networks are explained and we also discuss how these networks relate with other algorithms, described elsewhere in this book. 

Future efforts in the field of environmental analysis will be focused on several fronts, including analyte enrichment and measurement, on-line and on-site techniques, multi-residue methodology, direct injection of aqueous samples into LC/MS/MS... 

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