Multi focus design

To compare the epidemiological, clinical, and economic impacts of the HIV epidemic in Italy prior to and after the introduction of HAART, Tramarin et al. (2004) conducted a prospective and observational study with a multi-center design. They used data collected on an AIDS cohort from 1994 and updated data from a comparable cohort in 1998. Mortality and medical costs of 251 patients were measured in 1994 and in 1998, respectively. A considerable difference was observed in mortality (33.9% in 1994 vs. 3.9% in 1998). The cost per patient per year was US 15,515 in 1994 and US 10,312 in 1998. Based on the comparison of the two cohorts between both years, the authors concluded that after the introduction of HAART, hospital-based provision shifted from an inpatient-based to an outpatient-based service, with major focus on pharmaceutical care. 

Project engineering comprises the orchestrated integration of all engineering disciplines to achieve a commercially defined project objective. The quality and effectiveness of project engineering are key components of process plant design and construction, a business which invariably requires complex multi-disciplinary design input and focused customer and commercial awareness. 

Abstract Recent advances in the metal-catalyzed one-electron reduction reactions are described in this chapter. One-electron reduction induced by redox of early transition metals including titanium, vanadium, and lanthanide metals provides a variety of synthetic methods for carbon-carbon bond formation via radical species, as observed in the pinacol coupling, dehalogenation, and related radical-like reactions. The reversible catalytic cycle is achieved by a multi-component catalytic system in combination with a co-reductant and additives, which serve for the recycling, activation, and liberation of the real catalyst and the facilitation of the reaction steps. In the catalytic reductive transformations, the high stereoselectivity is attained by the design of the multi-component catalytic system. This article focuses mostly on the pinacol coupling reaction. 

The process features of carbon dioxide triple-point crystallization and slurry absorption of carbon dioxide have been demonstrated with the first generation bench-scale apparatus. Current efforts are focused on the design and construction of an improved version of the carbon dioxide triple-point crystallizer in cooperation with the U S Department of Energy. Future efforts are planned to design and construct absorption units to study multi-stage slurry absorption of carbon dioxide, and the more conventional gas-liquid absorption of sulfuruous compounds with liquid carbon dioxide. 

Considering only production network design, Schmenner (1979) builds on the focused factory concept to develop four distinct multi-plant strategies. While he does not consider an international environment, the generic strategies developed for domestic networks are also applied to international production networks (cf. Kouvelis et al. 2004, p. 127). Based on a product/market or process focus Schmenner defines four plant types ... 

Often, all alignment-based methods and molecular field and potential calculations are classified as pharmacophore perception techniques. We will include most of these methods in this review however, when using the term pharmacophore model, we will be referring mainly to one specific type of perception, namely three-dimensional feature-based pharmacophore models represented by geometry or location constraints, qualitative or quantitative. An extrapolation of the pharmacophore approach to a set of multi-dimensional descriptors (pharmacophore fingerprints) has been developed mostly for library design and focusing purposes [3-8]. 

The combination of structural simplicity of epothilones with respect to paclitaxel, together with their very interesting activity profile appealed different research teams, interested to overcome limitations of taxanes (poor solubility, multi drug-resistance - MDR [61-63]). Investigations on epothilones were focused on the interaction between the ligands and the paclitaxel binding site (as well as the possible similar portions between epothilones and taxanes) in order to find common pharmacopores to be used in activity improvement and design of novel molecules. 

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