Muller’s factor

The above mentioned formulae are based on the assumption that a vdW interaction of the atoms at any distance do not affect their polarizabilities. In fact, the observed polarizabilities of rare gases and molecular substances vary, depending on the aggregate state. The relative variations range from 0.3 % for Ar to 16.8 % for I2 [19]. On condensation of molecules, the polarizability can decrease (e.g., by 3.2 % for CF4 or SnBr4) or increase (by 3.0 % for CI2, 6.6 % for Br2, 16.8 % for I2) [20]. Given that the effective molecular volume always decreases on condensation, this increase of polarizability can be caused only by accumulation of electron density between molecules. Some clue can be provided by the so-called Muller s factor, the ratio between the (relative) changes of refraction, E, and of volume, V [21],... 

Table 113 Change of molar refractions Rd tmd Muller s factors (A ) with coordination numbers...

Table 11.4 Muller s factors for solids. (From [13, 14, 22, 105, 106] and the authors unpublished measurements)...

It is noteworthy that the Muller s factor of a given phase usually remains fairly constant under different thermodynamic conditions, whereas Ao of different substances vary widely, as shown in Table 11.4. For some solids (listed in the left column) the... 

Muller, S., Scaffidi, P., Degryse, B., Bonaldi, T., Ronfani, L., Agresti, A., Beltrame, M. and Bianchi, M.E. (2001) The double life of HMGBl chromatin protein architectural factor and extracellular signal. EMBO J. 20, 4337-4340. 

Shi L, Muller S, Harms H,Wick LY. (2008a). Factors influencing the electrokinetic dispersion of PAH-degrading bacteria in a laboratory model aquifer. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 80(3) 507-515. 

A prey animal s response to a predator cue may be influenced by a variety of factors. Familiarity with a predator may be important if the two species have a long evolutionary history of contact and it might be supposed that a cue would be more recognizable than if the species have only recently come into contact, or are allopatric (Catarell and Chanel 1979 Dickman 1992 Muller-Schwarze 1972 Sullivan, Nordstrom and Sullivan 1985). The age of an animal may also influence its response, or responses may alter seasonally (Borowski 1998,2002). 

Pan, C., Mezei, M., Mujtaba, S., Muller, M., Zeng, L., Li, J., Wang, Z. and Zhou, M.M. (2007) Structure-guided optimization of small molecules inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus 1 Tat association with the human coactivator p300/CREB binding protein-associated factor. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 50, 2285-2288. 

Kippenberger S, Loitsch S, Guschel M, Muller J, Knies Y, Kaufmann R, Bemd A. 2005. Mechanical stretch stimulates protein kinase B/Akt phosphorylation in epidermal cells via angiotensin II type 1 receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem 280 3060-3067. 

Weiss, T., Grell, M., Hessabi, B., Bourteele, S., Muller, G., Scheurich, P., and Wajant, H. (1997). Enhancement of TNF receptor p60-mediated cytotoxicity by TNF receptor p80 Requirement of the TNF receptor-associated factor-2 binding site./. Immunol. 158, 2398-2404. 

Another factor in M-S bonding stability is the presence of S-S bonds. Calculations and fragmentary spectral studies indicate that the cr orbitals of S-S bonds are even lower in energy than those of S-H bonds (i.e., ct energies are lower in HjSj than in HjS). Thus disulfide ligands, and probably polysulfides in general, are better electron acceptors than sulfur itself. It is well known that transition metals form numerous compounds with polysulfides (Draganjac and Rauchfuss, 1985 Muller and Diemann, 1987). In many polysulfides (e.g., S/ ) there are also empty tt orbitals in addition to the empty ct orbitals, and these may also accept electron density from the metal. 

Koschmieder S, Agrawal S, Radomska HS, Huettner CS, Tenen DG, Ottmann OG, Berdel WE, Serve HE, Muller-Tidow C. Decitabine and vitamin D3 differentially affect hematopoietic transcription factors to induce monocytic differentiation. Int. Oneok 2007 30 349-355. 

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