Muller 2 Principles

H. Muller and V. Muller, Principles and Applications of Flow Injection Analysis [in German]. Z. Chem., 24 (1984) 81. 

Muller, E.W. and Tsong, T.T. (1969) Eield-Ion Microscopy Principles and Applications (Elsevier, Amsterdam). 

Some principles of normal coordinate analysis of transition metal complexes. N. Mohan, S. J. Cyvin and A. Muller, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1976, 21, 221-260 (91). 

Muller U, Haeberli G, Helbling A Allergic reactions to stinging and biting insects in Rich RR. Flesher T, et al (eds) Clinical Immunology Principles and Practice, ed 3. St Louis. Mosby Elsevier. 2008, pp 657-666. 

Measurements in living things, e.g. patients, is occasionally done by sampling in a non-invasive way. Because no standard patients are available which can be selected for calibration, another principle of calibration must be applied, e.g., by a reference method that measures parallel to the actual measuring method. So, the calibration consists in a comparison of the measured results with that of the reference method which are considered to be true (that have been validated beforehand). An example of a reference calibration is represented by non-invasive blood glucose determination by means of NIR spectroscopy (Muller et al. [1997] Fischbacher et al. [1997] Danzer et al. [1998], see Sect. 6.2.6). 

Intensified metabolic control, especially in case of diabetes, demands minimal-invasive or non-invasive methods of analytical measurement. For this goal, a method has been developed to measure the blood glucose content in vivo, in direct contact with the skin, by means of diffuse reflection near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy on the basis of multivariate calibration and neural networks (Muller et al. [1997] Fischbacher et al. [1997] Danzer et al. [1998]). Because no patients with any standard blood glucose value are available in principle, a method of indirect calibration has... 

Marks MJ, Grady SR, Collins AC (1993) Downregulation of nicotinic receptor function after chronic nicotine infusion, J Pharmacol Exp Ther 266 1268-1276 Maurer P, Jennings GT, Willers J, Rohner F, Lindman Y, Roubicek K, Renner WA, Muller P, Bachmann MF (2005) A therapeutic vaccine for nicotine dependence preclinical efficacy, and Phase I safety and immunogenicity. Eur J Immunol 35 2031-2040 Mayo-Smith ME (1998) Management of alcohol intoxication and withdrawal. Principles of addiction medicine, 2nd edn. American Society of Addiction Medicine, Chevy Chase, MD, pp 431 40... 

Webb TR. (2004) Some principles related to chemogenomics in compoimd library and template design for GPCRs. In H Kubini, G Muller (eds), Chemogenomics in Drug Discovery — A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective, pp. 313-324. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 

Brendler-Schwaab, S., Czich, A., Epe, B., Gocke, E., Kaina, B., Muller, L., PoDet, D. and Utesch, D. (2004) Photochemical genotoxicity principles and test methods. Report of a GUM task force. Mutation Research, 566, 65-91. 

The discovery of high Tq superconductivity in La2-xMxCu04 (M = Ba, Sr) (Bednorz and Muller 1987) based on perovskite and rock-salt structures has led to an international effort in superconductivity research over the last decade. The principles that govern superconducting copper-oxide-based materials have enormous significance in the application of these oxides as potential catalysts... 

There already exist a few books written on field ion microscopy. Most of these either were published before 1970 when most works were concerned with techniques and methods, or are later ones which emphasize applications to materials science. While some of the basic principles of field ion microscopy remain unchanged from those twenty years ago, when Muller and I wrote a book on the subject, there have been many important new theoretical and technical developments and applications, and also many more detailed studies of a variety of problems in surface science and materials science. In the book just referred to, the subject of atom-probe field ion microscopy was only barely touched. This is of course where most of the new developments are made, and is also the instrument now most actively employed by investigators in the field. In the present volume I try to emphasize basic principles of atom-probe field ion microscopy, field ion emission and applications to surface science. As books emphasizing applications to materials science already exist, only selected topics in this area are presented here. They are used to illustrate the various capabilities of atom-probe field ion microscopy in materials science applications. 

E. W. Muller T. T. Tsong, Field Ion Microscopy, Principles and Appli-... 

For fuller discussion, see Sanderson VdcMiizw Manipulation of Volatile Compounds John Wiley and Sons Ltd, NY, 1948 L.W.Muller Vacuum Technology Principles and Applications, Chapman Hall Ltd, 1995 W.H.Kohl Handbook of Materials Techniques for Vacuum Devices, American Institute of Physics Press, 1994 Shriver The Manipulation of Air-sensitive Compounds McGraw-Hill Book Co, NY, 1969 Brown Organic Syntheses via Boranes, Wiley, NY, 1975 A.Pelter Borane Reagents, Academic Press Inc., 1988. 

The sensor is a crystal of Nal(TI) that transforms the 7 photon into luminescence whose intensity is proportional to the energy of the photon (assuming that the 7 photon is entirely absorbed by the crystal). The principle is similar to that of liquid scintillators used to measure 14C. If a Ge(Li) crystal is used, it behaves like the support gas in a Geiger-Muller tube. 

K. Grob and E. Muller, Introduction of water and water-containing solvent mixtures in capillary gas chromatography. IV. Principles of concurrent solvent evaporation with cosolvent trapping , J. Chromatogr. 473 411 -422 (1989). 

Carey (51) has studied pressure drop and void fraction in different types of compact heat exchangers and has outlined the differences with plain tube geometries. Kreissig and Muller-Steinhagen (52) and Margat et al. (53) have shown that the principles of the methods developed for plain tubes can be used but need to be adapted. The main results of these studies are that the liquid holdup is significantly affected by the mass flow rate (Figure 28) the liquid holdup is underestimated by conventional correlation the two-phase flow multiplier can be estimated from a Chisholm-type correlation. 

Kubinyi, H. and Muller, G. (eds.). (2004) Chemogenomics in drug discovery, a medicinal chemistry perspective. In. Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry , Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. 

The possibility that reacting species prefer to react along those paths in which they undergo the least modification has always been intuitively attractive. At one time or another, so-called principles of minimum structural change or deformation, configurational change, and minimum atomic and electronic motion have been invoked (Wheland, 1960 Hine, 1966). To account for Michael s rule of favored anti 1,2-addition, Pfeiffer formulated acetylenes as tram-heat structures in 1904 Frankland (1912) suggested that anti elimination is favored by an inherent tendency to centric symmetry. The more conscious applications of PLM by Muller after 1886, are probably misapplications of the principle, since they were usually concerned with complex pyrolytic reactions above 1000° (Muller and Peytral, 1924). 

The commonsensical, intuitive idea that those reactions are favoured where the change in geometry is minimal found explicit expression exactly a century ago when Muller (1886) enunciated his principle of least molecular deformation on the basis of studies of the pyrolysis of alkylamines. The... 

Ellipsometry principles and recent applications in electrochemistry. In Bard AJ(ed) Electroanalytical chemistry, vol. 15. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 143 [vii] GreefR (1984) Ellipsometry. In White RE, Bock-ris JO M, Conway BE, Yeager E (eds) Comprehensive treatise of electrochemistry, vol. 8. Plenum Press, New York, p 339 [viii] Muller R (1976) Surf Sci 56 19 [ix] Holze R (2008) Surface and interface analysis an electrochemists toolbox. Springer, Berlin... 

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