Muller modification

W. J. Gensler, Organic Reactions 6,4 Schlittler-Muller Modification ... 

Jackson modification and Schlittler-Muller modification. The Fischer modification involves the treatment of benzalaminoacetal with fuming sulfuric acid, whereas Bobbitt modification produces tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative through the hydrogenation of an imine intermediate in situ to an aminoacetal, which in turn is converted into product by the acid-promoted cyclization and hydrogenation. This modification for tetrahydroisoquinoline is also known as the Pomeranz-Fritsch-Bobbitt cyclization. The Schlittler-Muller modification involves the preparation of benzalaminoacetal from benzyl amines and gly-oxal semiacetal. In addition, this reaction has been extended to prepare other types of aromatic heterocycles, such as thieno[2,3-c] and thieno[3,2-c]pyridines by intromolecular cyclization to thiophene ring. ... 

This reaction has been modified to different variants, such as the Bobbitt modification, Fischer modification, and the Schlittler-Muller modification. In addition, different acids have been used as the promoters for this reaction. 

Whilst tropyltropine (atropine) is mydriatic, this property is of a low order in benz yltropine and is absent in benzoyl- -tropine. The former is a weak and the latter a potent local anaesthetic. This parallelism in the influence of the tropyl and benzoyl radicals in developing mydriatic and local aniesthetic action respectively, has been shown by von Braun and his co-workers to occur through an extensive series of hydroxyalkylamines in addition to tropine. Considerable modification may be made in the structure of tropine without impairing its capacity for yielding mydriatics anaesthetics. Thus von Braun, Muller and Rath found that e tropyl- and benzoyl-esters respectively of liomotropine (I) and of N-hydroxyalkylnortropanes (III) are comparable with atropine and tropacocaine (derived from tropine (II) and 4-tropine (II) ), respectively... 

According to this model, the SEI is made of ordered or disordered crystals that are thermodynamically stable with respect to lithium. The grain boundaries (parallel to the current lines) of these crystals make a significant contribution to the conduction of ions in the SEI [1, 2], It was suggested that the equivalent circuit for the SEI consists of three parallel RC circuits in series combination (Fig. 12). Later, Thevenin and Muller [29] suggested several modifications to the SEI model ... 

R. H. Muller, Colloidal Carriers for Controlled Drug Delivery and Targeting Modification, Characterisation and In Vivo Distribution. CRC Press, Stuttgart, 1991. 

M. J. Muller, B. Samuelsson, J. Z. Haeggstrom, Chemical Modification of Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase. Indications for Essential Tyrosyl and Arginyl Residues at the Active Site , Biochemistry 1995, 34, 3536 - 3543. 

At a slightly deeper level, the difficulty of this approach lies in its acceptance of a transition complex in which the original classification into a and tt electrons has been broken consequently pure tt electron theory is inadequate for the prediction of energy changes, and a complete analysis must await the inclusion of the a bond modifications at the point of attack. Preliminary attempts to include such effects have invoked hyper conjugation (Muller et al., 1954 Fukui et al., 1954a) and other factors (Dewar et al., 1956), but little progress has yet been made towards a more detailed theoretical interpretation based on more complete calculations. 

Muller MB, Holsboer F, Keck ME (2002) Genetic modification of corticosteroid receptor signaling novel insights into pathophysiology and treatment strategies of human affective disorders. Neimopeptides 36 117-131... 

E. W. Muller recently developed an ingenious modification of the field emission microscope, based on the field ionization of hydrogen (1,12). The device consists of an ordinary field emission tube containing hydrogen at a pressure of about 10 mm. When the tip is made the anode, adsorbed hydrogen in the form of ions can be pulled off at fields of the order of 2 X 10 v./cm. A pattern, corresponding to the electron emission, but with greatly increased resolution ( 3A.) results. 

In conclusion I would like to emphasize that the suggested approach (femtosecond laser spectromicroscopy) is not a simple modification of the Muller microscope [6], for the electric field here is not the decisive factor but serves solely to form the image. Table I lists the comparative characteristics of the Muller projection field-ion microscope (FIM) and proposed laser resonance photoelectron (photoion) spectromicroscope (LRFSM). 

Burrows CJ, Muller JG (1998) Oxidative nucleobase modifications leading to strand scission. Chem Rev 98 1109-1151... 

Micromanipulation has also been used to determine the mechanical properties of methacrylate-based resins with different surface functionalities (Muller et al., 2005). The particle sizes ranged from 30 to 90 pm, depending on their chemical composition. It was found that the stiffness of the resins depended on the specific chemical modifications, and the difference was more pronounced in the dry state than in the wet state. 

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