Target modification

Target Modification by Acquisition of Genes Encoding Resistant Target... 

Leclercq R, Courvalin P (1991) Bacterial resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin antibiotics by target modification. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35 1267-1272... 

R. H. Muller, Colloidal Carriers for Controlled Drug Delivery and Targeting Modification, Characterisation and In Vivo Distribution. CRC Press, Stuttgart, 1991. 

There are various approaches to the synthesis of a defined target modification. The following parameters are the ones that largely determine the outcome ... 

One approach is to use an enzyme that cleaves the targeted modification from the peptides. A comparison of the peptide map before and after cleavage can reveal modified peptides by identifying the specific mass shift in the spectrum. This approach has been used more systemati-... 

Two procedures have been used to reassemble -HRP employing the heme l-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole conjugate (201). The first, targeted modification, included the complexation of cis-[Ru(phen)2... 

Tsai, Y.S., Pendse, A., Moy, S.S., Mohri, I., Perez, A., Crawley, J.N., Suzuki, K., Maeda, N., 2006, A de novo deafwaddler mutation of Pmca2 arising in ES cells and hitchhiking with a targeted modification of the Pparg gene. Mamm Genome 17, 716-722. 

The structural organization of CNTs is functionally related to the fact that they intoxicate neurons via a four-step mechanism consisting of (1) binding, (2) internalization, (3) membrane translocation, and (4) enzymatic target modification (Figure 4) (Montecucco et al. 1994 Montecucco and Schiavo 1995 Rossetto et al. 2006). The LC is responsible for the intracellular catalytic activity, the amino-terminal 50kDa domain of the H chain (Hn) is implicated in membrane translocation, and the carboxy-terminal part (He) is mainly responsible for the neurospecific binding. 

Altered target Modifications in the bacterial DNA gyrase, especially in amino acids at the N-terminus of the A subunit, have been associated with a decreased affinity for the fluoroquinolone. The B subunit of the gyrase is rarely mutated. 

Fig. 2.10. Plasma flow profiles for case 1 (left) and case 2 (right). The plasma flows to the divertor targets, but in case 2 there are also some inverted flow channels, away from the target. Modification of the molecular model (here vibrational kinetics) can be powerful enough to change the sign of the dominant force (friction) in the parallel plasma momentum balance...

Others Sequestration Immunity Proteins Target Modification Altered Metabohc Pathway Target Overexpression P-Lactams, Enediynes Bleomycin, Tetracycline Fluoroquinolones, Macrolides Vancomycin Trimethoprim... 

Enzyme-mediated target modification can also be an important mechanism of antibiotic resistance. The Erm proteins are... 

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