Mucosa, goblet cells

In the rat nasal mucosa, goblet cells after conventional fixation with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 1 h and postfixation... 

The morbidity and mortality that are often associated with human GI helminth infections reflect in part the nutritional consequences of diarrhoea and malabsorption, and the resulting malnutrition that can accentuate the effects of infection by suppressing the protective immune response as well as compromising intestinal repair (Ferguson et al., 1980 Keymer and Tarlton, 1991 Cooper et al, 1992). In experimental rodents the pathology associated with infection is characterized by villus atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, goblet cell hyperplasia and infiltration of the mucosa by a variety of... 

Inhalation route adults subjected to 50,000 or 200,000 pg acrolein/L (113 or 454 mg/m3) air via an endotracheal cannula for up to 27 days Air sac injection route embryos 2-3 days old examined at day 13 Decreases in trachea complement of ciliated and goblet cells inhibited mucus transport activity in trachea lymphocytic inflammatory lesions in the tracheal mucosa changes were more pronounced at the higher dose and with increasing exposures 2... 

More serious respiratory effects were seen upon histological examination of the respiratory tract at the end of this study. Gross lung changes observed in the rabbits included collapsed dark red areas, hyperemia, and the accumulation of mucous material. The trachea and the major bronchi showed areas of epithelial desquamation, relative atrophy, flattening of the mucosa, and foci of goblet cell metaplasia. 

H. S. Samaha, C. Bernstein, C. M. Payne, H. Garewal, R. Sampliner and H. Bernstein, Bile salt induction of apoptosis in goblet cells of the normal human colonic mucosa relevance to colon cancer, Acta Microsc., 1995, 4, 43. 

The intestinal juice is mostly water but also contains some mucus that is secreted by the duodenal glands and the goblet cells of the mucosa. Blood pH is usually in the range of 7.35-7.45 (Ignatavicius and Workman, 2002), whereas urine has a typical pH of 4.2 (Hansch and Leo, 1979). The body has many mechanisms that ensure minimal changes in pH. Many microbial processes are inhibited by acidic conditions. For a standard ionizing compound ... 

The construction of the eye is completely different. The outer layer of this mucosa consists of a tiny tear layer of lipids and water which covers a superficial epithelium closed by double layer lipid membranes of 30-70 nm size interconnected by tight jnnctions. Three to seven layers of epithelial cells cover the stromal structures of conjunctiva or cornea. The conjnnctival surface has interposed cells secreting small amonnts of mucin, the so-called goblet cells, which are typically missing within the corneal epithelinm. The regeneration of epithelial structnres is dne to the limbal stem cells located deep in the Vogt s crypts, for the cornea. 

The intestinal mucosa shows a reduction in the number of goblet cells without keratinization. Alterations in intestinal epithelium and metaplasia of pancreatic ductal epithelium are common. They may be responsible for the diarrhea occasionally seen in vitamin A deficiency. 

Immunoreactivity towards the frog dermal peptide [D-Ala2]deltorphin I, a selective ligand for delta opioid receptors, is reportedly present in high abundance in goblet cells of the rat jejunal mucosa, from which it may be secreted into the intestinal lumen [40]. Peptide-positive epithelial cells can be detected in the late fetal period [41]. Deltorphinlike immunoreactivity is not detectable in the enteric nervous system, and its precise chemical identity and functional significance remain to be determined. 

Members of the trefoil factor family of small proteins are solid candidates to be mucin interchain cross-linkers (Otto and Thim 2005). For example, TFF1 is mainly expressed in the goblet cells of gastric mucosa, where it co-localizes with and binds to MUC5AC (Ruchaud-Sparagano et al. 2004). Yeast two-hybrid... 

This is a simple mucus-secreting cell which does not undergo division. Mucus secreted by the goblet cells makes the intestinal surface viscid, a condition which must greatly assist the close adhesion of tapeworm strobila. Adhesion to the mucosa is probably essential to the normal nutritional efficiency of cestodes, but the degree of dependence may vary widely with species. At least in E. granulosus, as demonstrated by experiments in vitro (Fig. 10.6, p. 271), contact with a solid proteinaceous substrate appears to be essential for strobilisation. Rather surprisingly, this requirement is not essential for E. multilocularis, which strobilates in vitro in... 

Q2 Unlike the small intestinal mucosa, the colonic mucosa does not contain any villi. There are columnar epithelial cells and mucus-secreting goblet cells in the mucosa the columnar epithelium reabsorbs fluid and electrolytes. 

The surface of the mucosa is relatively smooth as there are no intestinal villi. Crypts of Lieberktlhn are present. Goblet cells account for more of the epithehal cells than in the small intestine. The mammalian large intestine is important for the maintenance of water and electrolyte balance. Its primary function is the reabsorption of water, sodium, chloride and volatile fatty acids it secretes potassium and bicarbonate. 

Oral mucosae are composed of multiple layers of cells, which show various patterns of differentiation dependent on the functions of different regions in the oral cavity. The oral mucosa is covered by a stratified, squamous epithelium, and three different types of mucosa can be distinguished the masticatory, the lining, and the specialized mucosa. Blood supply to the oral cavity tissues is delivered via the external carotid artery, which branches to the maxiliary lingual and facial artery. There are no mucus-secreting goblet cells in the oral mucosa, but mucins are found in human saliva. These mucins are water-soluble and form a gel of 10-200 pm thickness. Saliva, mainly composed of water (99%), is continuously secreted in the oral cavity and exists as a film with a thickness of 0.07-0.1 mm. ... 

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