Mother cell

Mutter-kraut, n. feverfew, -kuchen, m. placenta, -kummel, m. cumin, -lauge, /. mother liquor, -leib, m. womb, uterus, -neike, /. mother clove, -pech, n. Med.) meeonium. -pflanze, /, parent plant, -scheibe, /. Mach.) nut washer, -schliissel, m. nut wrench, -sicherung, /. Mach.) nut lock, -stoff, m, -substanz, /, mother substance, parent substance matrix, -ver-schluss, m. Mach.) nut lock, -zelle, /. mother cell, parent cell, -zimt, m. cassia. Mutung,/. claim, demand, concession. 

The vegetative cell cycle of S. cerevisiae has received extensive attention. There are many justifications for this. Firstly, the cell cycle in this organism has many convenient landmarks (Hartwell 1974, 1978 Pringle 1978) which make it very easy to identify the exact point in the cell cycle at which a cell happens to be. Examples of these landmark events include bud emergence, the size of the bud, mitosis (nuclear division takes place through the neck between the mother cell and the bud), and cell... 

Fig. 2.5 Cell cycles resulting in yeast-form cells, pseudohyphae and hyphae. In many respects the cell cycle of pseudohyphal cells is similar to that of yeast-form cells, except that in pseudohyphae G2 is prolonged, thus larger daughter cells are produced which are identical in size to the mother cell. Hence, mother and daughter are both sufficiently large to start the next cell cycle and so bud synchronously. In hyphae the apical cell becomes progressively longer. The diagram is reproduced from the review of Kron Gow (1995) with the permission of Current Opinion in Cell Biology.

Doe, C. Q. (1992). Molecular markers for identified neuroblasts and ganglion mother cells in the Drosophila central nervous system. Development 116 855-863. 

Buescher M, Yeo SL, Udolph G et al 1998 Binary sibling neuronal cell fate decisions in the Drosophila embryonic central nervous system are non-stochastic and require inscuteable-mediated asymmetry of ganglion mother cells. Genes Dev 12 1858-1870... 

Matsuzaki F, Koizumi K, Hama C, Yoshioka T, Nabeshima Y 1991 Cloning of the Drosophila prospero gene and its expression in ganglion mother cells. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 182 1326-1332... 

At every clock tick, the developmental program of each cell (in the graph of interconnected cells) computes its next state and whether it will produce a new cell or not. Division produces a new cell with exactly the same (unchangeable) developmental program as the mother cell, but with a new location = location of the mother cell + 1. Because CGP and by extension DCGP only allow feed-forward graphs, the inputs of all cells will come from external inputs and/or the outputs of other cells, which are directly/indi-rectly connected to the external inputs. Hence, if the external inputs stay stable, then so will the outputs of all the cells in the graph. 

Chemical form became biological in Laurent s metaphor of the chemical "tree" "I have searched if there does not exist in all parts of a same chemical tree, something analogous to this mother cell, in a word a nucleus common to all compounds of the same series. "25 Like so many chemists, Armstrong could not resist the military metaphor, for example, in describing the chemistry of camphor "Whatever the agent, the attack is always delivered from the oxygen center and. .. the direction in which the attack becomes effective depends on... 

A variety of protein import pathways into the vacuole are known (Burd et al., 1998 Bryant and Stevens, 1998). It includes the sorting from the Golgi apparatus, endocytosis, autophagy (where a part of the cytoplasm such as a mitochondrion is engulfed into a newly formed vacuole and is degraded), direct import from the cytosol, and the vacuolar inheritance from the mother cell. Of these, the pathways from the Golgi... 

Sharma AK, Sarkar SK. 1957. A study of the comparative effect of chemicals on chromosomes of roots, pollen mother cells and pollen grains. Proc Ind Acad Sci B 45 288-293. 

Figure 2. Meristematic cell of the root-tip of Phaseolus vulgaris. The section was treated with an antibody specific for L-arabinofuranose and stained with gold-labelled goat-antirabbit serum. The label is seen at the developing cell plate (cp) and the young wall (cw) of the mother cell.

Figure 32-1 Comparison of cell division in three species of bacteria. Escherchia coli divides symmetrically after forming a septum in a plane marked by a ring of FtsZ (tubulin-like) and other cell division proteins. Caulobacter crescentus divides asymmetrically to give one flagellated swarmer cell and one stalked cell. Bacillus subtilis, under starvation conditions, divide to form a mother cell and a forespore. The latter is engulfed by the mother cell, which promotes its conversion to a resistant spore. From Shapiro and Losick.83 Courtesy of L. Shapiro.

Smooth white/cream/ brownish conical shape Circular, often with ring of buds on mother cell surface Debaryomyces hansenii... 

Transport into the mother cell probably involves a Ca2+/H+ antiport working in the reverse direction from normal, to give a concentration of Ca2+ in the range 3-9 mmol dm-3 in the mother cell cytoplasm. Transport into the forespore can then follow the concentration gradient, being facilitated by the precipitation of the calcium in the forespore as the dipicolinate. Added dipicolin-ate does not stimulate Ca2+ uptake into isolated forespores.194... 

One day after treatment the number of haustorial mother cells was not influenced in the triadimenol- and triadimefon-treated plants when compared with the untreated checks. Four days after inoculation, 75% of the untreated mycelia present in the host tissue formed more than five haustorial mother cells compared to 20-30% in treated tissue. In the time between 6 and 14 days after inoculation, the untreated mycelium had grown so intensely that it was impossible to count the HMC and sporulation had begun. Development of mycelia, which formed more than 5 haustorial mother cells, slowed down to a considerable extent between day 6 and day 14 in the treated plants. 

Many chromosomal alterations can be detected in plants,149 and, in addition to studies of mitotic cells, methods using microsporocytes (i.e., pollen mother cells) have permitted the study of meiotic cells.263 Although basic research in plant cytogenetics continues, cytogenetic tests in plants have been replaced to some extent in genetic toxicology by mammalian cell-culture tests and tests in whole mammals. 

Ma, T-H. Micronuclei induced by x-rays and chemical mutagens in meiotic pollen mother cells of Tradescantia. 

Electron microscopy of Ankistrodesmus braunii. (a-c) Cells from cultures treated with reverse osmosis fraction (d, e) cells from cultures treated with catechol, (a) cell containing several nuclei (N) and a single chloroplast (Ch) with abundant starch, (b) Detail from (a) showing an abortive cell plate (arrows) between two of the nuclei (N). (c) The cell plates are associated with irregularly oriented microtubules (arrows), (d) Multinucleate cells with randomly oriented developing septa (arrows) and several chloroplasts with abundant starch, (e) A cluster of fully developed endospores still enclosed in the mother cell wall (arrow). 

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