Morphology complexity evolution

Calder, W. (1986). Body temperature and the specific heat of water. Science, 324,418. Carroll, S. B. (2001). Chance and necessity the evolution of morphological complexity... 

Structural evolution, i.e. the relation of morphological complexity to molecular structure. 

There is no fundamental theory for electro-crystallization, owing in part to the complexity of the process of lattice formation in the presence of solvent, srrrfactants, and ionic solutes. Investigations at the atomic level in parallel with smdies on nonelectrochemical crystallization wotrld be rewarding and may lead to a theory for predicting the evolution of metal morphologies, which range from dertse deposits to crystalline particles and powders. 

Schematic depiction of the structural evolution of polymer electrolyte membranes. The primary chemical structure of the Nafion-type ionomer on the left with hydrophobic backbone, side chains, and acid head groups evolves into polymeric aggregates with complex interfacial structure (middle). Randomly interconnected phases of these aggregates and water-filled voids between them form the heterogeneous membrane morphology at the macroscopic scale (right).

The organic additives have been employed to counteract the harmful effects of different metallic impurities. Such additives act by increasing the induction period, by complexing the harmful impurities, or by suppressing the hydrogen evolution reaction. The additives also increase the current efficiency, reduce the power consumption, and improve the surface morphology. 

The various topics are generally introduced in order of increasing complexity. The text starts with diffusion, a description of the elementary manner in which atoms and molecules move around in solids and liquids. Next, the progressively more complex problems of describing the motion of dislocations and interfaces are addressed. Finally, treatments of still more complex kinetic phenomena—such as morphological evolution and phase transformations—are given, based to a large extent on topics treated in the earlier parts of the text. 

Many polymer blends or block polymer melts separate microscopically into complex meso-scale structures. It is a challenge to predict the multiscale structure of polymer systems including phase diagram, morphology evolution of micro-phase separation, density and composition profiles, and molecular conformations in the interfacial region between different phases. The formation mechanism of micro-phase structures for polymer blends or block copolymers essentially roots in a delicate balance between entropic and enthalpic contributions to the Helmholtz energy. Therefore, it is the key to establish a molecular thermodynamic model of the Helmholtz energy considered for those complex meso-scale structures. In this paper, we introduced a theoretical method based on a lattice model developed in this laboratory to study the multi-scale structure of polymer systems. First, a molecular thermodynamic model for uniform polymer system is presented. This model can... 

It was also noticed by the same authors19 that the incorporation of the OMMT in EVA instead of PA6, keeping constant the global composition, led to a strong decrease in heat released, but with a different evolution of HRR as a function of time. This was ascribed to different morphologies of clays (mixed intercalated/exfoliated versus completely exfoliated) for the polymer blend. Consequently, the formulation process of complex FR systems involving polymer blends and made up of nanoparticles in combination with FRs seems crucial. 

Hashimoto T (2003) Plastid division its origins and evolution. Int Rev Cytol 222 63-98 Iyer LM, Leipe D, Koonin EV, Aravind L (2004) Evolutionary history and higher order classification of AAA+ ATPases. J Struct Biol 146 11-31 Javaux EJ, Knoll AH, Walter MR (2001) Morphological and ecological complexity in early eukaryotic ecosystems. Nature 412 66-69... 

Accurate representation of these processes must treat particle size, morphology, and composition. This requirement contrasts with the present situation in which large-scale aerosol models for the most part treat the particle composition as uniform, with properties corresponding to spherical particles having a uniform composition and single effective radius. Studies of individual particles show particles are more complex and that these assumptions are too approximate (e.g., Buseck and Posfai, 1999 Buseck et al., 2002). In practice, much of the information required to represent aerosol evolution is not known. However, levels of accuracy must be balanced against feasibility and complexity of model appropriate to the problem at hand. 

---