Morphology butyrate

Effect of Sodium Butyrate on Morphology and Cell Growth. FHS, SKCO-1, HT-29 did not show any significant morphological changes with sodium butyrate. SW-480 and SW-620 cells produce angular cells rich in cellular membranes. These processes were pronounced with SW-620 cell lines. 

In the present study, sodium butyrate had a differentiated effect on cell morphology. Sodium butyrate caused the SW-620 lines to become markedly angular with extension of many membraneous processes. These effects were also seen with the SW-480 cell lines but were less pronounced. No morphological changes were observed when SKCO-1, HT-29 and FHS cell lines were cultured in sodium butyrate. 

In HeLa cells, the striking morphological alterations which follow exposure of the cells to butyrate are characterized by the extension of neurite-like processes (Fig. 1). No significant differences in the fine structure of the ceil surface was observed by scanning electron micrography (Fig. 1). In addition to butyrate, propionate and pentanoate but not other homologous... 

Morphological changes were prevented in butyrate-treated HeLa cells by actinomycin D and cycloheximide (2,8,13). After removal of butyrate, the cells reverted to a normal morphology over a 24 h time course (2,8,12,13). When butyrate-treated cells were detached from the cuTture dishes with trypsin, they assumed a spherical shape and, when replated in the absence of butyrate, their neurite-like processes transiently re-extended (13). This re-extension was blocked when cycloheximide but not the calcium ionophore was included during the initial exposure of the cells to butyrate (13). Process formation, however, did resume in the presence of cycloheximide (1 3). These results were interpreted as indicating that the fatty acid induces a protein(s) required for process formation which can accumulate in the absence of processing and promote processing in the absence of inducer (13). 

In recent work on CHO cells, it had been suggested that the effects of butyrate are mediated by cyclic AMP (18). We found, however, that cyclic AMP (2 mM), its mono- (1 mM and dibutyryl (0.5 mM) derivatives, theophylline and prostaglandins did not cause an elevation in si alyl transferase activity (1). Choleragen, which is a potent and persistant activator of adenylate cyclase (see below), also did not elevate sialyl transferase activity in HeLa cells (Table I) or alter cell morphology (unpublished observations). Thus, it is unlikely that these effects of butyrate are mediated by elevation of cyclic AMP levels. 

Reversion of HeLa cells to normal morphology after removal of the butyrate was preceded by a decay of si alyl transferase activity... 

Butyrate appears to have its most profound effects on neoplastic cells such as HeLa in addition to morphological and biochemical differentiation, the fatty acid inhibits cell growth (2). Previous studies have established a correlation between decreased ganglioside synthesis and malignant transformation (43-46). Transformed baby hamster kidney and newborn rat kidney cells exhibited a loss of GM3 and sialyl transferase activity (43,44). 

Although these results are difficult to interpret in molecular terms, they provide a basis for further research. The morphological changes brought about from these mixing experiments suggest that the TPA-induced increases in glycosyltransferase activity are the result of a different process than those induced by RA or butyrate (manuscript in preparation). 

The distinct changes in morphology achieved by melt-crystallization of polymers in the presence of small amounts of their (n-s) polymer-CD-ICs results in changes in other physical properties as well. For example, in Table 2 a comparison of the properties of poly(3-hydroxy butyrate) (PHB) melt-spun with and without the presence of (n-s) PHB-a-CD-IC are compared [104], The mechanical properties of the PHB/( -s) PHB-a-CD-IC fibers are superior. In fact, their lower elongation at break likely contributes to the removal of the stickiness normally observed between melt-spun PBH fibers [104],... 

Adler. M., Manley, H. A,. Purcell, A. L., Deshpande, S. S., Hamilton. T, A, Kan, R. K Oyier, G Lockridge, O., Duy.scn, E. G., and Sheridan. R, E. (2004). Reduced acetylcholine receptor density, morphological remodeling, and buiyryl-cholinesierase activity can su.siain mu.sdc function in acetylcholinesterase knockout mice, Muscle Ncne 30, 317-327. Aldridge, W, N, (1953). Two types of esterase (A and B) hydrolysing p-nitrophcnyl acetate, propionate aitd butyrate, and a method for their determination. Siochem. J. 53, 110-117. 

Polymer solar-cell devices based on a blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, and incorporating doped PANI-NTs as an interfacial layer, have been fabricated [511,512]. The power-conversion efficiency of an annealed device incorporating the PANI-NTs layer showed an increase of 26% relative to that of the annealed device lacking the PANI-NTs interfacial layer. The high conductivity, controlled tubular nanoscale morphologies, and mobility of the annealed PANI-NTs layer led to efficient extraction of photogenerated holes to the buffer layer and suppression of exciton recombination, thereby improving the photovoltaic performance. 

Lee SY, Choi JI (1998) Effect of fermentation performance on the economics of poly(3-hydroxy-butyrate) production by Alcaligenes latus. Polym Degrad Stab 59 387-393 Lee SY, Choi J, Wong HH (1999) Recent advances in polyhydroxyalkanoate production by bacterial fermentation mini-review. Int J Biol Macromol 25 31-36 Lee SY, Lee KM, Chan HN, Steinbiichel A (1994) Comparison of recombinant Escherichia coli strains for synthesis and accumulation of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) and morphological changes. Biotechnol Bioeng 44 1337-1347... 

B.M.P. Ferreira, C.A.C. ZavagUa, E.A.R. Duek, Thermal, morphologic and mechanical characterization of poly(L-Lactic add) and poly(hydroxyl butyrate-co-valerate) blends, Braz. J. Biomed. Eng. 19 (2003) 21-27. 

Kumagai Y, Doi Y (1992a) Enzymatic degradation and morphologies of binary blends of microbial poly(3-hydroxy butyrate) with poly(e-caprolactone), poly (1,4-butylene adipate) and poly(vinyl acetate). Polym Degrad Stab 36 241-248... 

---