Morphological analysis theory

Leurkens DW. 1991. Theory and application of morphological analysis fine particles and surfaces. CRC Series on Fine Particle Science and Technology. In Beddow JK, editor. Boca Raton, FL CRC 282. 

This paper is a brief review of original basic engineering research in morphological analysis applied to particle characterization which has been conducted during the last 20 years at the University of Iowa, Center for Particulate Material Processing Sciences. The topics discussed include definitions, theory, instrumental and experimental aspects of size, shape and texture measurements of particulate material. 

In this chapter an overview of conceptually different fracture theories is presented which have in common that they do not make explicite reference to the characteristic properties of the molecular chains, their configurational and super-molecular order and their thermal and mechanical interaction. This will be seen to apply to the classical failure criteria and general continuum mechanical models. Rate process fracture theories take into consideration the viscoelastic behavior of polymeric materials but do not derive their fracture criteria from detailed morphological analysis. These basic theories are invaluable, however, to elucidate statistical, non-morphological, or continuum mechanical aspects of the fracture process. 

The problem of morphological instability was solved theoretically by Mullins and Sekerka [20], who proposed a linear theory demonstrating that the morphology of a spherical crystal growing in supercooled melt is destabilized due to thermal diffusion the theory dealt quantitatively with and gave linear analysis of the interface instability in one-directional solidification. 

Although both the laboratory and industrial scale materials science of catalysts requires an integrated approach as already mentioned above, it is customary to classify the characterization methods by their objects and experimental tools used. I will use the object classification and direct the introductory comments to analysis, primarily elemental and molecular surface analysis, determination of geometric structure, approaches toward the determination of electronic structure, characterization by chemisorption and reaction studies, determination of pore structure, morphology, and texture, and, finally, the role of theory in interpreting the often complex characterization data as well as predicting reaction paths. 

Figure 3.9 and editing features in Figure 3.10. Serra [126-128] developed the method of mathematical morphology in image analysis and the theory was extended by Matheron [129,130].

Reid developed analytical tools for studing the cell size distribution from dissected sphere size data measured on a section surface. The first to introduce a general theory of cell size distribution in a solid body was Ceilings who calculated the macrostructural parameters of a number of real metal systems, On the basis of Ceilings method, Mihira et al. developed the principles of the statistical analysis of plastic foam morphology. 

As described in the Introductory Chapter, attention was focused [1] prior to 1961 mainly on the morphology of the cool-flame and ignition regions, rates were followed by pressure change, and essentially chemical techniques were used for product analysis. The acceptance of free radicals, followed by the masterly and elegant Semenov theory [2], which established the principles of branched chain reactions, provided the foundation for modern interpretations of hydrocarbon oxidation. This chapter builds on these early ideas, and pioneering experiments such as those carried out by Knox and Wells [3] and Zeelenberg and Bickel [4], to provide a detailed account of the reactions, thermochemistry and detailed mechanisms involved in the gas-phase chemistry of hydrocarbon oxidation. 

This chapter discusses the plant s past and present geographic distribution, taxonomic relations and morphology, and the theories on the origins of kava based on morphological, genetic, and geographical evidence, and linguistic analysis of vernacular names. 

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