Morphine hydrochloride from

Codeine, C18H21O3N. This alkaloid was isolated from opium by Robiquet in 1833. It occurs in opium to the extent of 0-1 to 3 per cent., and is isolated therefrom as the hydrochloride along with morphine hydrochloride in the first stage of Gregory s process. It is a methyl ether of morphine and is usually made from the latter by methylation, for which there are numerous patents. An extensive series of ethers of morphine and its isomerides, including ethers of the alcoholic hydroxyl group (Aeterocodeines) has been prepared by Faris and SmaU. ... 

Figure 3. Dependence of analyte ion intensity on concentration. (A) Dependence of total current / on concentration M = mol/L of analyte ion, (Morphine)H+, i.e., MorH+, in solution. (B) Dependence of mass-analyzed MorH+ ion current in counts/s on MorH+ concentration. At low MorH+ concentrations, [MorH+] < 1CT6 M, the dominant electrolyte in the solution are impurity ions Na+ and NH4. In this region MorH+ intensity is proportional to [MorH+] in solution. Mass-analyzed ion intensity was corrected for mass-dependent transmission Tm, of quadrupole. Concentration of morphine hydrochloride given in mol/L (M). From Kebarle, P. Tang, L. Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 973A, with permission.

Terpenes continue to be a popular choice as experimental enhancers for delivering materials across skin membranes. For example, L-menthol facilitated in vitro permeation of morphine hydrochloride through hairless rat skin [37], imipramine hydrochloride across rat skin [59], and hydrocortisone through hairless mouse skin [60]. Recently, niaouli oil was found to be the most effective of six essential oils in promoting estradiol penetration through hairless mouse skin [61]. It is noteworthy that there is currently little control on the topical use of most terpenes, and many aromatherapy oils and formulations contain appreciable quantities of these chemicals. Their excessive use offers potential for permeation of hazardous compounds from the same formulations into the skin some terpenes also have pharmacological activity. 

When a slab of the PE0/PU hydrogel 2.8mm thick was swollen to equilibrium in an aqueous solution of morphine hydrochloride at 37°C, briefly rinsed, then transferred to water at 37°C, the rate of release of morphine was, as predicted by theory, proportional to time t O and 50° 0f the morphine content was released in the first 45 minutes. The release/time plot is shown in Figure 1. Results from experiments like this one can be used to calculate diffusion coefficients (8) in fully swollen hydrogels and help interpret the complex mechanism of diffusion in swelling hydrogels. 

Figure 3 Pain threshold in mice after intraperitoneal administration of biphalin (5, 10, 20 mg/kg body weight) and morphine hydrochloride (5.66 mg/kg). Significantly different from preinjection pain threshold, P <. 01.

Meperidine hydrochloride can be identified by virtue of its characteristic IR, UV, and X-ray spectra (see 2.1, 2.3 and 2.9b). The N.F. XII 5 describes a test (based on the formation of an orange red color when meperidine hydrochloride is reacted with sulfuric acid-formaldehyde test solution) which distinguishes meperidine hydrochloride from morphine and hydromorphone. The characteristic melting point (188 - 191°C.) of the picrate salt- - of meperidine is also useful as an identity test. 

Fig, 4. Analgesic effect (reflex depression) of 3-oxy-iV-methylmorphinan hydrochloride (I), morphine hydrochloride (II), and codeine phosphate (III) on white mice. Thermal irradiation of constant intensity was applied to the tail until a flick was obtained or up to twice the duration required without medication. Drugs were administered subcutaneously. On the ordinates are plotted on a linear scale the per cent of the mice not reacting to the thermal irradiation. Dosage is plotted on the abscissa on a logarithmic scale. (Copied from W. Wirth (45).)... 

A patent has been published that covers the rearrangement of ethers of morphine and N-alkyl-normorphines to the corresponding derivatives of apomorphine and N-alkyl-norapomorphines by phosphoric acid at 125— 140 lO-Oxomorphine has been isolated as an oxidation production from solutions of morphine hydrochloride/ and morphine has been shown to be converted into morphine N-oxide and normorphine by guinea-pig liver microsomal preparations, which convert codeine, under similar conditions, into codeine AT-oxide, norcodeine, morphine, and normorphine/ ... 

A number of medicines derived from opium are clinically very important. Morphine hydrochloride, purified from opium powder, is used as an analgesic and an anesthetic, and codeine phosphate and noscapine hydrochloride are used in cough medicines. Papaverine hydrochloride is used as a smooth muscle relaxant. 

The water solubility of morphine (page 405) is only 0.2 g/L, but morphine hydrochloride has a water solubility of 57 g/L. Write equations to show how morphine could be extracted and isolated from opium. 

Like codeine and unlike morphine and diamorphine, ethylmorphine is extracted from alkaline solution by chloroform and assay of its salts and preparations is effected by normal alkaloidal extraction technique. Ethyl-morphine hydrochloride, Ci9H2303N,HCl,2H20, Mol. Wt. 385-9. 1 ml... 

Thebaine, CjgHgiOgN. This base, which occurs in opium to the extent of 0-1 to 1 per cent., was first obtained by Pelletier and Thiboumery, who regarded it as isomeric with morphine, and named it paramorphine. It was examined by Kane, who first called it thebaine, and by Anderson, who described a method of isolation and provided the formula given above. It remains in the mother liquor after the removal of morphine and eodeine hydrochlorides in Gregory s process, and in Hesse s method of isolating it from this source is obtained as the acid tartrate. This is crystallised from hot water, and the alkaloid regenerated from it is reerystallised from dilute alcohol, from which it separates in leaflets, or from dry alcohol in prisms, m.p. 193°, — 218-6° (EtOH) or — 229-5°... 

RISK FDR INJURY. Narcotics may produce orthostatic hypotension, which in turn results in dizziness. The nurse should assist the patient with ambulatory activities and with rising slowly from a sitting or lying position. Miosis (pinpoint pupils) may occur with the administration of some narcotics and is most pronounced with morphine, hydro mo rpho ne, and hydrochlorides of opium alkaloids. Miosis decreases the ability to see in dim light. The nurse keeps the room well lit during daytime hours and advises the patient to seek assistance when getting out of bed at night. 

Procedure Prepare the chromatogrphic tank by lining the walls with sheets of filter paper pour the mobile-phase into the tank, saturating the filter paper in the process, to a depth of 5 to 10 mm, close the tank and allow it to stand at 20° to 25 °C for 1 hour for equilibration of the mobile-phase in the chromatank. Apply separately to the TLC plate 5 (il of each of two solutions (1) and (2) of apomorphine hydrochloride and (3) of morphine in the form of circular spots about 2 to 6 mm in diameter, and 15 to 20 mm from one end of the plate and not nearer than 10 mm to the sides the two spots must be at least 10 mm apart. Mark the sides of the plate 15 cm from the line of application. Allow the solvent to evaporate and place in the chromatank,... 

Apomorphine hydrochloride (44 Apokyn Bertek, 2004), is a semisynthetic derivative of opium alkaloid morphine (43) isolated from poppy (Papaver somniferum), and it has long been known for its erectile activity at the effective dose of 2-6 mg physicians discovered the effect over 100 years ago, but found the drug, at a much higher dose (ca. 200 mg), to be more suitable for poison victims as an emetic because it also causes serious nausea and vomiting. Apomorphine exerts its erectile effect at the central nervous system the drug has been found to be a non-selective dopamine agonist which activates both Di-like and D2-like... 

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