Mood disorders classification

Glassification of Substance-Related Disorders. The DSM-IV classification system (1) divides substance-related disorders into two categories (/) substance use disorders, ie, abuse and dependence and (2) substance-induced disorders, intoxication, withdrawal, delirium, persisting dementia, persisting amnestic disorder, psychotic disorder, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, sexual dysfunction, and sleep disorder. The different classes of substances addressed herein are alcohol, amphetamines, caffeine, caimabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics, polysubstance, and others. On the basis of their significant socioeconomic impact, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and opioids have been selected for discussion herein. 

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Possible diagnoses include a single depressive episode, several depressive episodes making up depressive disorder and alternations between depression and elevated mood (see manic-depression below). Table 11.3 gives a classification of mood disorders taken from the DSM-IV. 

The psychiatric classification for mood disorders encompasses a wide variety of conditions, ranging from the extreme and perhaps most socially visible form identified earlier in this... 

Steffens DC, Krishnan KR. Structural neuroimaging and mood disorders recent findings, implications for classification, and future directions. Biol Psychiatry 1998 43 705-712. 

Clinical Reviews - A series of three articles dealing with the classification of depression, neuropharmacological test procedures, and the limitations of present drugs used in the treatment of depression has been published.The historical aspects of, and the biological basis for, the treatment of mood disorders is the subject of three reports.46-48 other... 

Beginning with Kraepelin s (1921) systematic classification of dysphoric mania, considerable attention has been paid to mixed states of bipolar disorder. Kraepelin s model was based on variable symptom patterns expressed in three areas, mood, thought, and motor activity. Once considered to be uncommon, current estimates suggest that the prevalence rate for dysphoric, or mixed mania, is approximately 30 percent (McElroy et al. 1992). Debate continues regarding the status of mixed mania as a distinct affective state versus a form, or stage, of typical mania. However, there is convincing evidence to support the opinion that mixed episodes can be more severe, chronic, and difficult to treat than pure manic or depressive episodes (Clothier,... 

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