Montreal Convention

Table 4 gives details of some relevant physical and thermal properties of a range of common explosives that have been encountered in terrorist bombs. It should be noted that DMNB (2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane) is one of the taggants added to plastic explosives under the Montreal Convention on marking of plastic explosives. Dinitrotoluenes are frequently added to blasting gelatine as a minor component and are also found in TNT as a significant impurity. 

Montreal Convention extends Hague convention to others aviation crimes... 

The cycle repeats itself, so that one Cl atom can destroy thousands of O3 molecules (Seinfeld Pandis 1998). It is estimated that so far about 10% of the stratospheric ozone has been depleted. Because of the Montreal Convention of 1987 and its Amendment of 1992, fully haloge-nated CFCs are no longer manufactured legally in the world. Unfortunately, these CFCs are very long lived (in the order of hundreds of years), so the ozone hole will only be slowly filled in by natural production of O3 in the stratosphere (IPCC 2001). 

Regulation 2037/2000/EC [4-22] was adopted in order to transpose the Montreal Convention from 1989 into the European legislation. The scope of this Regulation includes more or less all chemicals which can deplete the ozone layer. 

The Montreal Convention of 1999 ° which replaced the Warsaw Convention of 1929 also stipulates in its Article 1 that the Convention applies to all international carriage of persons, baggage or cargo performed by aircraft for reward. Like its predecessor, the Montreal Convention does not distinguish between civil and military or other State aircraft. 

The provisions of the Chicago Convention and Annexes would not apply in a case where a state aircraft is (mistakenly or otherwise) operated on the basis that it is a civil aircraft. Similarly, the Geneva Convention of 1948, the Tokyo Convention of 1963, The Hague Convention of 1970, the Montreal Convention of 1971 and the... 

Offences against civil aviation, particularly with regard to unlawful interference with civil aviation related to aircraft have been addressed on three major occasions, though the Tokyo Convention of 1963, The Hague Convention of 1970 and the Montreal Convention of 1971. Yet none of these conventions referred, whether directly or indirectly, to cyber terrorism. 

Montreal Protocol The UN convention on the trade of materials damaging the ozone layer... 

In order to prevent the destruction of the Earth s ozone layer, the international community has agreed upon restrictions during a convention (The Vienna Convention, 1985) and a protocol was written (The Montreal Protocol, 1987). The Montreal Protocol requires the progressive phase-out of the produc-... 

Preparing key information for analysis of the fulfillment of the Kyoto and Montreal Protocols and the U.N. Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. 

It is imperative that common global approaches are adopted in chemicals and hazardous substances management. While in the past, the approach has been more specific issue-based with clearly outlined boundary conditions (e.g., Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depletion, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants), the current approach entails a globalised strategic integrated view. 

A brief discussion of the physical principles of PIXE as they relate to the background, sensitivity, and precision of the method will be presented. The design and performance of a typical experimental system will be illustrated by a description of both the conventional PIXE and micro-PIXE setups at the Laboratoire de Physique Nucl6aire of the Universite de Montreal. 

In this chapter, recent advances in our understanding of catalytic fluorination under heterogeneous conditions are surveyed from the standpoint of catalyst properties, including developments based on the use of mixed metal fluorides having different structural types, and reaction mechanisms. Much of the newer work has been the result of the need to replace chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by alternatives, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) or, more controversially, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), following adoption of the Montreal and successor Protocols [2,3]. Where relevant, aspects of catalytic hydrogenolysis, where fluorides have been used as replacement supports in the conventional palladium/carbon catalysts, and isomerization reactions are included. 

Describe any other regulatory information on the substance or mixture that is not provided elsewhere in the SDS (e.g. whether the substance or mixture is subject to the Montreal Protocol, the Stockholm Convention or the Rotterdam Convention ). 

Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Access and Benefit-Sharing in Practice Trends in Partnerships Across Sectors. Montreal, Technical Series 2008, 38, p 140. 

Most Asian countries are parties to the Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol on ozone depleting compounds. The Montreal Protocol is exemplary in the sense that it truly embodies the principles of common but differentiated responsibility between the industrial and developing countries. It recognizes the fact that industrialized countries are responsible for the bulkof emissions ofCFC. Moreover, they have the financial and technological resources to find proper replacements for these substances. Meanwhile, the developing countries are given a period of grace before they must start their phase-out schedules. 

The protection of the world climate or components thereof has become the object of international agreements since the end of the seventies. The most important agreements to that extent are the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, 1979 and its Protocols, as well as the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985 and its Protocol (Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987). However, only the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 (Framework Convention) together with the Kyoto Protocol represent a comprehensive approach to international protection of the climate. 

It may seem that the noncompliance procedure under the climate change regime is less stringent than those in other recent international environmental agreements. Although Article 13 of the Framework Convention calls for the consideration of a multilateral consultative process for questions regarding implementation and Article 10 of the Framework Convention establishes a Subsidiary Body for Implementation, the functions of the latter are limited. The Subsidiary Body is called upon to . . . assist the Conference of Parties in the assessment review of the Convention. .. and thus lacks the competence to deal with individual cases. Equally, the mandate of the Conference of Parties to establish a noncompliance system is limited. The parties are only called upon to . . . consider the establishment of a multilateral consultative process, available to Parties on their request for the resolution of questions regarding the implementation of the Convention. . . . This mandate lacks the focus on the noncompliance of individual states parties which is characteristic of the Montreal Protocol and the Second Sulphur Protocol. 

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