Monosubstitution

Acetylation was the first form of monosubstitution used in food starches. Waxy maize acetylated distarch adipates came into use in the mid-1950s, driven by demand for 

---

A monosubstituted cyclohexane, e.g. methylcyclohexane, exists theoretically in two isomeric forms with a chair-form ring, and the methyl substituent either axial or equatorial. Since these rapidly interconverl through a CH3... 

It is a typically aromatic compound and gives addition and substitution reactions more readily than benzene. Can be reduced to a series of compounds containing 2-10 additional hydrogen atoms (e.g. tetralin, decalin), which are liquids of value as solvents. Exhaustive chlorination gives rise to wax-like compounds. It gives rise to two series of monosubstitution products depending upon... 

A point in case is provided by the bromination of various monosubstituted benzene derivatives it was realized that substituents with atoms carrying free electron pairs bonded directly to the benzene ring (OH, NH2, etc) gave 0- and p-substituted benzene derivatives. Furthermore, in all cases except of the halogen atoms the reaction rates were higher than with unsubstituted benzene. On the other hand, substituents with double bonds in conjugation with the benzene ring (NO2, CHO, etc.) decreased reaction rates and provided m-substituted benzene derivatives. 

Let us illustrate this with the example of the bromination of monosubstituted benzene derivatives. Observations on the product distributions and relative reaction rates compared with unsubstituted benzene led chemists to conceive the notion of inductive and resonance effects that made it possible to explain" the experimental observations. On an even more quantitative basis, linear free energy relationships of the form of the Hammett equation allowed the estimation of relative rates. It has to be emphasized that inductive and resonance effects were conceived, not from theoretical calculations, but as constructs to order observations. The explanation" is built on analogy, not on any theoretical method. 

The course of aromatic substitution has been placed on a more scientific basis by the following rules of Hammick and Illingworth (jfour. Chem. Soc., 930. 2358), If a monosubstituted benzene derivative has the formula CgHsXY, where X is the atom joined to the benzene ring and Y is an atom or group of atoms attached to X, then —... 

The monosubstituted malonic ester still possesses an activated hydrogen atom in its CH group it can be converted into a sodio derivative (the anion is likewise mesomeric) and this caused to react with an alkyl halide to give a C-disubstituted malonic ester. The procedure may accordingly be employed for the synthesis of dialkyImalonic and dialkylacetic acids ... 

This reaction works well with monosubstituted epoxides ... 

If, on the other hand, the encounter pair were an oriented structure, positional selectivity could be retained for a different reason and in a different quantitative sense. Thus, a monosubstituted benzene derivative in which the substituent was sufficiently powerfully activating would react with the electrophile to give three different encounter pairs two of these would more readily proceed to the substitution products than to the starting materials, whilst the third might more readily break up than go to products. In the limit the first two would be giving substitution at the encounter rate and, in the absence of steric effects, products in the statistical ratio whilst the third would not. If we consider particular cases, there is nothing in the rather inadequate data available to discourage the view that, for example, in the cases of toluene or phenol, which in sulphuric acid are nitrated at or near the encounter rate, the... 

From monosubstituted allenes, RCH=C=CH2, two different anions or organo-... 

There also exists an acidregioselective condensation of the aldol type, namely the Mannich reaction (B. Reichert, 1959 H. Hellmann, 1960 see also p. 291f.). The condensation of secondary amines with aldehydes yields Immonium salts, which react with ketones to give 3-amino ketones (=Mannich bases). Ketones with two enolizable CHj-groupings may form 1,5-diamino-3-pentanones, but monosubstitution products can always be obtained in high yield. Unsymmetrical ketones react preferentially at the most highly substituted carbon atom. Sterical hindrance can reverse this regioselectivity. Thermal elimination of amines leads to the a,)3-unsaturated ketone. Another efficient pathway to vinyl ketones starts with the addition of terminal alkynes to immonium salts. On mercury(ll) catalyzed hydration the product is converted to the Mannich base (H. Smith, 1964). 

In the reaction of o-dibromobenzene, disubstitution is faster than monosubstitution, and the disubstituted product is obtained as a major product. Similarly, 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene reacts with styrene to give the tetrasub-stituted product[29]. The bridged, annulated [2,2]paracyclophanedieiie 22 was... 

Monosubstitution of acetylene itself is not easy. Therefore, trimethylsilyl-acetylene (297)[ 202-206] is used as a protected acetylene. The coupling reaction of trimethylsilylacetylene (297) proceeds most efficiently in piperidine as a solvent[207]. After the coupling, the silyl group is removed by treatment with fluoride anion. Hexabromobenzene undergoes complete hexasubstitution with trimethylsilylacetylene to form hexaethynylbenzene (298) after desilylation in total yield of 28% for the six reactions[208,209]. The product was converted into tris(benzocyclobutadieno)benzene (299). Similarly, hexabutadiynylben-zene was prepared[210j. 

No reaction of soft carbon nucleophiles takes place with propargylic acet-ates[37], but soft carbon nucleophiles, such as / -keto esters and malonates, react with propargylic carbonates under neutral conditions using dppe as a ligand. The carbon nucleophile attacks the central carbon of the cr-allenylpal-ladium complex 81 to form the rr-allylpalladium complex 82, which reacts further with the carbon nucleophile to give the alkene 83. Thus two molecules of the a-monosubstituted /3-keto ester 84, which has one active proton, are... 

The condensation of a-haloketones with monosubstituted alkyl or aryl-selenoureas (25) leads to 2-alkylamino- (26. 27) or 2-arylaminOselana-zoles (28) while disubstituted selenoureas give 2-(dialkylamino) selenazoles (26. 27) (Table X-3a). 

The frequencies of suite III are usually lower for disubstituted (especially 2,4-dihalo and 2,5-disubstituted thiazoles) and those of the corresponding monosubstituted derivatives. 

For 4-monosubstituted derivatives, the frequencies of suite V are near those of the mode of thiazole, and for the 2- and 5-ones the frequencies of suite VI are near those of the mode of thiazole. 

A. Chloroacetaldehyde and Derivatives (Thiazole and its 2-Monosubstituted Derivatives) (Table II-l)... 

Depending on the starting ketone (6), the reaction leads to the formation of 4-monosubstituted or 4,5-disubstiluted thiazoles (7) as shown in Scheme 4. 

N-Monosubstituted thioamides (96) have been cyclized with a-halocarbonyl compounds to give thiazolium salts (97) in excellent yields (89, 99. 102, 305, 722). 

The cyclization of N-substituted thioureas (123) with halocarbonyl compounds gives 2-monosubstituted aminothiazoles (124) (Scheme 58)... 

N-monosubstituted thioureas also react with a-haJoacids or esters to give stable compounds of type 126, in which R is aryl or acyl. When R is alkyl such as an allyl group (85), isomer 125 is formed (Scheme 60). 

With R] different from R2 two isomeric compounds (138 and 139) are possible, depending on the direction of ring closure (86). However, only one form is generally obtained. Finally, the trisubstituted thioureas such as N,N,N -trimethylthiourea react with chloroacetone to give a thiazolium salt, in a reaction identical to that of the N-monosubstituted thioamides (Scheme 67). 

The N-substituted derivatives (175) are also obtained from salts of N-monosubstituted dithiocarbamic acid (174) (Scheme 89) (35, 348). 

The correct name is 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane (disub stituted chain) rather than 3 isopropylpentane (monosubstituted chain)... 

Name the alkyl group and append it as a prefix to the cycloalkane No locant is needed if the com pound IS a monosubstituted cycloalkane It is understood that the alkyl group is attached to C 1... 

The consequences of this point are developed for a number of monosubstituted cyclo hexane derivatives in the following section beginning with methylcyclohexane... 

Conformational inversion (ring flipping) is rapid in cyclohexane and causes all axial bonds to become equatorial and vice versa As a result a monosubstituted derivative of cyclohexane adopts the chair conforma tion in which the substituent is equatorial (see next section) No bonds are made or broken in this process... 

---