Monosaccharides classification

Monosaccharide Classification Based on the Number of Carbons in Their Chains... 

For the simplified presentation of structures, abbreviations are used which usually consist of the first letters of the name of the monosaccharide. Figure 4.1 gives the configuration prefix derived from the trivial names, representing a specified configuration applied in monosaccharide classification. Thus, systematic names for D-glucose and D-fructose are D-gluco-hexose... 

The Latin word for sugar is saccharum and the derived term saccharide is the basis of a system of carbohydrate classification A monosaccharide is a simple carbohydrate one that on attempted hydrolysis is not cleaved to smaller carbohydrates Glucose (C6H12O6)... 

The nomenclature and classification of monosaccharides is further complicated by the presence of chiral carbons within monosaccharides. In the late nineteenth century it was ascertained that the configuration of the last chiral carbon in each of the naturally occurring monosaccharides is the same as that for (-i-)-glyceraldehyde. This configuration was designated as D and it was determined that all naturally occurring monosaccharides were in the D configuration. 

Classification of monosaccharides according to functional groups and carbon numbers... 

Classification of Carbohydrates 1102 23-3 Monosaccharides 1103 23-4 Erythro andThreo Diastereomers 1106 23-5 Epimers 1107... 

Most sugars have their own specific common names, such as glucose, fructose, galactose, and mannose. These names are not systematic, although there are simple ways to remember the common structures. We simplify the study of monosaccharides by grouping similar structures together. Three criteria guide the classification of monosaccharides ... 

The classification of each of the following monosaccharides is given below the structure. 

Other studies, such as Py-GC/MS characterization of peat components also have been reported. In a study done using Py-GC/MS, subfossil Sphagnum leaves and rootlets of heathers (Ericaceae) were analyzed, the Ericaceae having been determined to be the source of aliphatic hydrocarbons in peat [33]. Also, the sources of other peat components were analyzed by pyrolytic techniques. As an example, the fine-grain peat fraction was found to contain monosaccharides mainly from microbial carbohydrates, while coarse-grained peat samples were found to contain monosaccharides from vascular plant carbohydrates [34]. Peat classification has also been done based on its pyrolysis products [35]. A few other applications of peat pyrolysis will be discussed in Part 3 of this book. 

Classification of monosaccharides is done by the number of carbon atoms and the types of functional groups. For example, glucose and fructose have the same chemical formula, but different structure glucose having an aldehyde (internal hydroxyl shown as -OH) and fructose having a keto group (internal double-bond O, shown as =0). 

Monosaccharides are classified as aldoses or ketoses, respectively, depending on whether the carbonyl group is an aldehyde or a ketone. Classification into trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses, respectively, is used to indicate there are three, four, five, and six carbon atoms in the monosaccharide. Both types of prefixes are also used together, e.g., aldohexose for a six-carbon monosaccharide with an aldehyde group. 

EXAMPLE 11.3 The classification of each of the monosaccharides is given beneath its structure in Fig. 11-2. ... 

Fig. 11-2 Five different monosaccharides and their systematic biochemical classification.

Natural polymers are broadly classified as polysaccharides, proteins, polynucleotide, and natural rubber. This classification is based on the type of monomer building blocks for the polymer and type of covalent bonds for formation of the polymer. Polysaccharides that are carbohydrate polymers are formed by condensation of monomeric units called monosaccharides, proteins or peptide polymers are formed from amino acids and polynucleotide are synthesized from nucleotide condensation reaction forming glycosidic, peptide, and phosphodiester bonds, respectively. All natural polymers are condensation polymers. 

The Latin word for sugar is saccharum, and the derived term saccharide is the basis of a system of carbohydrate classification. A monosaccharide is a simple carbohydrate, one that on attempted hydrolysis is not cleaved to smaller carbohydrates. Glucose (C6H12O6), for example, is a monosaccharide. A disaccharide on hydrolysis is cleaved to two monosaccharides, which may be the same or different. Sucrose—common table sugar—is a disaccharide that yields one molecule of glucose and one of fructose on hydrolysis. 

---