Carbohydrates, classification monosaccharides

The Latin word for sugar is saccharum and the derived term saccharide is the basis of a system of carbohydrate classification A monosaccharide is a simple carbohydrate one that on attempted hydrolysis is not cleaved to smaller carbohydrates Glucose (C6H12O6)... 

The Latin word for sugar is saccharum, and the derived term saccharide is the basis of a system of carbohydrate classification. A monosaccharide is a simple carbohydrate, one that on attempted hydrolysis is not cleaved to smaller carbohydrates. Glucose (C6H12O6), for example, is a monosaccharide. A disaccharide on hydrolysis is cleaved to two monosaccharides, which may be the same or different. Sucrose—common table sugar—is a disaccharide that yields one molecule of glucose and one of fructose on hydrolysis. 

Classification of the Carbohydrates.—A. Monosaccharides.—Simple sugars having the general formula C H2 0 . All are soluble in water, have a sweet taste, and reduce alkaline solutions of copper. 

Classification of Carbohydrates 1102 23-3 Monosaccharides 1103 23-4 Erythro andThreo Diastereomers 1106 23-5 Epimers 1107... 

Other studies, such as Py-GC/MS characterization of peat components also have been reported. In a study done using Py-GC/MS, subfossil Sphagnum leaves and rootlets of heathers (Ericaceae) were analyzed, the Ericaceae having been determined to be the source of aliphatic hydrocarbons in peat [33]. Also, the sources of other peat components were analyzed by pyrolytic techniques. As an example, the fine-grain peat fraction was found to contain monosaccharides mainly from microbial carbohydrates, while coarse-grained peat samples were found to contain monosaccharides from vascular plant carbohydrates [34]. Peat classification has also been done based on its pyrolysis products [35]. A few other applications of peat pyrolysis will be discussed in Part 3 of this book. 

Natural polymers are broadly classified as polysaccharides, proteins, polynucleotide, and natural rubber. This classification is based on the type of monomer building blocks for the polymer and type of covalent bonds for formation of the polymer. Polysaccharides that are carbohydrate polymers are formed by condensation of monomeric units called monosaccharides, proteins or peptide polymers are formed from amino acids and polynucleotide are synthesized from nucleotide condensation reaction forming glycosidic, peptide, and phosphodiester bonds, respectively. All natural polymers are condensation polymers. 

Carbohydrates constitute one the of most complex structures occurring in nature (with nucleic acids and proteins) due to i) the monosaccharide diversity, ii) the type of linkage and iii) the nature of carbohydrate-linked molecules. As a result, GHs present a wide range of activities, which have necessitated the creation of a specific classification more explicit than the lUB Enzyme Nomenclature. In 1998, the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZy) database was created, gathering glycosidases in famiUes based on amino-acid sequence and protein structures similarities. ... 

The suffix -ose is used to signify a carbohydrate. Hundreds of diflFerent monosaccharides are known, each of which can generally be classified as either an aldose or a ketose. Aldoses contain an aldehyde moiety, while ketoses contain a ketone moiety. According to this classification scheme, glucose is an aldose and fiructose is a ketose. 

This chapter is organized around the four major classes of biological macromolecules. Recognize what most macromolecules have in common They are assembled from simple monomer units. Proteins are assembled from amino acids, carbohydrates are assembled from monosaccharides, and nucleic acids are assembled from nucleotides. Lipid is a catchall classification that includes fats, oils, phospholipids, waxes, steroids, and some other molecules. Organize your study into these four categories. 

Also see CARBOHYDRATE[S], Table C-6, Classification of Carbohydrates and section headed "Monosaccharides.")... 

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