Monophasic solution

Oxidative cleavage of alkenes using sodium periodate proceeds effectively in a monophasic solution of acetic acid, water, and THF with very low osmium content or osmium-free. The orders of reactivity of alkenes are as follows monosubstituted trisubstituted >1,2 disub-stituted > 1,1-disubstituted > tetrasubstituted alkynes.100 Cleavage with polymer-supported OSO4 catalyst combined with NaI04 allows the reuse of the catalyst.101... 

Mixtures of chloroform and methanol have had wide use as lipid extractants (e.g., Bligh and Dyer, 1959). This solvent system allows for extraction of both polar and nonpolar lipids, unlike extraction with hexane (see Basic Protocol 1 and Alternate Protocol 1). Optimum extraction may be achieved when water in the tissue, or that added to the medium, y ields a monophasic solution. Subsequently, additional water and/or chloroform... 

The initial silica sol consisted of 11 ml of tetramethoxy silane (TMOS), 5 mL of distilled water, and 1 drop of 12 N HC1. A monophasic solution was prepared by the sonogel method 9). Under continuous sonication, a total of 30 ml of tetraethoxy silane (TEOS), 7.5 mL of distilled H2O, and 11 mL of TMOS were addded in a dropwise fashion to form the precursor solution. The final silica sol was composed of a 1 1 5 mole ratio of TEOS TMOS H2O. The acid catalyst was present as a... 

Nowotny, 1967). Therefore, the ether extraction method was developed for the extraction of R-LPS (Galanos et al 1969). This method uses a monophasic solution consisting of liquid phenol, chloroform and petroleum ether (PCP). In such a solution, R-LPS is completely soluble, but S-LPS, proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides are insoluble and can be excluded from the extracts. The ratio of phenol, chloroform and petroleum ether in PCP is normally 2 5 8 (v/v/v), but 5 5 8 (v/v/v) also works (Helander et al 1992). The following is a brief protocol for the ether extraction of LPS ... 

According to the principle of mutual independence of individual types of phase equilibrium it should be expected that upon a change of thermodynamic conditions in the initial monophase solution, first the equilibrium with the separation into amorphous phases is established, this equilibrium being unstable with respect to other types of phase equilibrium, and only after that the transition to the stable equilibrium takes place. As an example, we can consider the case of a gradual transition from the unstable liquid crystalhne equilibrium to the stable equilibrium with the formation of a crystallosolvate for a PBA-sulphuric acid system, which we discussed earlier In the lower left part on Fig. 15 there are the particles of liquid crystalline phase which transforms, via the isotropic phase (dark background) into a crystallosolvate (spherulites in the upper part of the figure). The process is completed by a total disappearance of the liquid crystalline phase and by the establishment of the equilibrium between the isotropic solution and the crystallosolvate, which corresponds to the region I + CS on Fig. 12. 

This monophasic solution replaces the diphasic solution originally described [341) as it gives more reproducible results, but as the system is not equilibrated, reproducibility is also affected by such factors as temperature, size of tank, number of sheets of paper, and time of running (358). The Rf values given in Table II were obtained running four sheets 14 x 6 inches at a time for 5 hours in a tank 8 x 11 x 15j inches deep and containing 500 ml of solvent, but any size paper and tank may be used provided suitable corrections are applied. 

Diol (1 mmol) and diacid (1 mmol) were heated to 100 C to obtain a monophasic solution of reactants and the temperature was then reduced to the reaction temperature (50 C to 90 C). Enzyme beads were added to the reaction so that the ratio (w/w) of enzyme to total monomer was l and vacuum (10 mm... 

The initial stage of tetramethylene-a, -dimethyl acrylate (MB) monophase solutions polymerization was analyzed in papers [189,199], The characteristic viscosity of tetramethylene-a,o)-dimethyl acrylate q 5 centipoise. Polymerization was carried out in nonreactive oligomers with different viscosity in bis-(di-oxyethylenephthalate)-a,(D-diisobutyrate (IDF), (q 1000 centipoise) in trioxyethylene-a,(D-di-isobutyrate (TGI) (q 10 centipoise) and in full saturated analogue of tetramethylene-a, -dimethyl acrylate, tetramethylene-a,ra- di-isobutyrate (IB), (q 5 centipoise). The obtained results were compared with polymerization kinetics of methyl meta acrylate, dissolved in the same nonreactive oligomers. 

According to the conception of the development of the system of spectra of additive properties stated by I.G. Per kov the use of spectra of second order, represented by AS arrays, measured concerning two axes the length of a wave and water phase pH in monophase, pseudomonophase (micellar solutions) and twophase systems is of great interest. 

In summary, what we have found is that the combination of a thermomorphic system and a surfactant is very effective for the hydroformylation of 1-octene and 1-dodecene. We believe that although a 90 10 ethanol/water and heptane system becomes miscible at 70°C, the additional water in a 50 50 ethanol/water and heptane system raises the miscibility temperature to >100°C. When a surfactant is added, the miscibility temperature is lowered and the biphasic solution becomes monophasic below the reaction temperature, resulting in good reaction rates. In addition, the presence of the surfactant also enhances the selectivity compared to the completely homogeneous system from 1.8 to 5.3 L/B... 

Several monophasic solvent systems are useful for the separation of carbohydrate mixtures, and in all those listed in Table 9.3 the smallest solute molecules have the fastest mobility. Thus pentoses have higher RF values than hexoses, followed by disaccharides and oligosaccharides. 

As an alternative to distillation, extraetion with a eo-solvent that is poorly mis-eible with the ionie liquid has often been used. There are many solvents that can be used to extract product from the ionic liquid phase, whether from a monophase reaction or from a partially miscible system. Typical solvents are alkanes and ethers (15). Supercritical CO2 (SCCO2) was recently shown to be a potential alternative solvent for extraction of organics from ionic liquids (22). CO2 has a remarkably high solubility in ionic liquids. The SCCO2 dissolves quite well in ionic liquids to facilitate extraction, but there is no appreciable ionic liquid solubilization in the CO2 phase in the supercritical state. As a result, pure products can be recovered. For example, about 0.5 mol fraction of CO2 was dissolved at 40°C and 50 bar pressure in [BMIMJPFe, but the total volume was only swelled by 10%. Therefore, supercritical CO2 may be applied to extract a wide variety of solutes from ionic liquids, without product contamination by the ionic liquid (29). 

Semiconductor nanoclusters trapped in AOT w/o microemulsions are reported to exhibit longer excited state lifetimes (about 10-100 ns) than those in aqueous solution or in monophasic organic solvents [213]. Clearly the surfactant-nanoparticle interaction is very important not only in restricting growth but also in extending the hfetimes of the excited states. Tata et al. [214] have shown that the removal of water from the micelles leads to a strong increase in fluorescence intensity, and the addition of specific quencher, 4-hydroxythiophenol, leads to variations in quenching efficiencies. 

The use of the "closed system" to describe the assemblages in these closed basins seems justified in that frequently, most always, in fact, the number of clay minerals present in the sediments discussed above is two or more. The omnipresence of amorphous silica or chert raises the total number of phases to three. In an essentially three-component system, Mg-Si-Al or possibly four if H+ is considered, this indicates that the chemical components of the minerals are present in relatively fixed quantities in the chemical system which produces the mineral assemblages. None of the first three components is "mobile", i.e., its activity is independent of its relative mass in the solids or crystals present. However, there are sediments which present a monophase assemblage where only one variable need be fixed. Under these conditions sepiolite can be precipitated from solution and pre-existing solid phases need not be involved. 

Monergols, i.e. monophase systems composed of at least two components, one of which is an oxidant, the other a fuel, e.g. a solution of methyl nitrate (oxidant) with methyl alcohol (combustible). 

The undoped catalyst was prepared from the monophasic crystallized Ni Alj alloy (ref. 7). The molybdenum and chromium promoted catalysts were prepared from alloys with the composition N -x x where M = Mo (0.05 x 0.4) and M = Or (x - 0.07 or 0.11) (ref. 8). The catalysts were then prepared as described previously (ref. 9), by leaching the crushed alloys in a 6N sodium hydroxide solution at boiling temperature. The catalysts were kept under a molar solution of NaOH. 

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