Monomers Netherlands

Vinylidene chloride monomer is produced commercially in the United States by The Dow Chemical Company and PPG Industries. The monomer is produced in Europe by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., in the United Kingdom Badische Anilin und Soda Eabnk and Chemische Werk Hbls in Germany Solvay S.A. and Amaco et Compagnie in Erance and The Dow Chemical Company in the Netherlands. The monomer is produced in Japan by the Asahi Chemical Company, Kureha Chemical Industries, and Kanto Denka Kogyo Company. 

FIGURE 31.9 Change in the peel strength and radiation dose of ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM)/EPDM joint [Eo/y Eo/yl EPDM/natural mbber (NR)/EPDM joint [Eo/y NR Eo/yl and EPDM/Al joint [Eo/y Al]. (From Sen Majumder, P. and Bhowmick, A.K., in Polymer Surface Modification Relevance to Adhesion, Vol. It, Mittal, K.L., Ed., VSP, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2000,425. With permission.)... 

SMPO [styrene monomer propylene oxide] A process for making propylene oxide by the catalytic epoxidation of propylene. The catalyst contains a compound of vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, or titanium on a silica support. Developed by Shell and operated in The Netherlands since 1978. 

Production of isoprene in the United States in 1993 was reported to be 276 841 tonnes (United States International Trade Commission, 1994). Production capacities for isoprene in 1987 were estimated to be (thousand tonnes) United States, 199 the Netherlands, 25 Republic of South Africa, 45 Japan, 105 and the former Soviet Union, about 800 (Weitz Loser, 1989). In 1992, isoprene monomer reportedly was produced in Brazil, the Netherlands, Japan, Romania, countries of the former Soviet Union and the United States (Lybarger, 1995). 

A model of the structure of porin from the outer membrane of Rhodobacter capsulatus. Part (a) shows the a-carbon backbones of a trimer of porin molecules viewed along an axis approximately perpendicular to the plane of the membrane. Each molecule forms a tube that passes across the membrane. Part (b) shows an individual porin monomer, enlarged slightly from (a) and viewed along an axis approximately in the plane of the membrane. The molecule folds as a jS-barrel with 16 antiparallel jS strands. (From M. S. Weiss, et al.. The three-dimensional structure of porin from Rhodobacter capsulatus at 3 A resolution, FEES Lett. 267 268, 1990. Copyright 1990 Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Reprinted by permission.)... 

The results of a recent survey by the Inspection Health Protection/Food Inspection Department, Utrecht, Netherlands (van Lierop, Wildervanck 1996), shown in Table 14-lb, found an average residual styrene monomer content of 224 mg/kg in 31 different polystyrene containing food contact articles and packaging. The two highest contents found were 888 and 1459 mg/kg and in 14 articles less than 150 mg/kg was found. A comparison of the results of the two studies from 1988 and 1996 supports the stated industry objective of reducing styrene monomer contents and shows an overall downward trend. 

Figure 25.3 Dependence of softening temperature and stiffness on DPE content. Reproduced with permission from Gausepohl etal., Designed Monomers and Polymers, 3(3), 299 (2000) with permission of VSP, The Netherlands...

Next to ethylene, propylene and vinylchloride, styrene is one of the most important monomers for the production of plastics. The worldwide demand for styrene in 1992 was 18.2 million tonnes and is expected to grow annually with 3-5% to 23.9 million tons in 2000 [42]. Recent production statistics show an annual production of about 1.3 million tons of styrene in the Netherlands. Approximately 75% of this is produced at DOW Benelux in Terneuzen by catalytic adiabatic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene [42]. 

VeOVA Monomers Technical Information System. Resolution Performance Products Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2004. 

Deffleux A, Desbois P, FontaniUe M, Warzelhan V, Latsch S, Schade C. Control of active centers reactivity in the high temperature bulk anionic polymerization of hydrocarbon monomers. In Puskas JE, editor. Ionic Polymerizations and Related Processes. Netherlands Kluwer 1999. p 223. 

The class of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) is very versatile, with the largest group being the medium-chain-length (mcl) PHAs which consist of enantiomerically pure (i )-hydroxy fatty acids of between and Cj units. Since the discovery in 1983 of the Witholt group (de Smet et al. 1983) at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, more monomers have been described in the literature (see also Gudrin et al. 2009 and review by Kim et al. 2007). 

Schoonbrood, H. A S. Emulsion Co- and Terpolymerizalion Monomer Partitioning, Kinetics and Control ot the Microstmeture and Materials Properties, Bndhoven University ol Technology Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 1994. 

Chambard, G. Control ot Monomer Sequence Distribution - Strategic Approaches Based on Novel Insights in Atom Transfer Radical Copolymerisation, Eindhoven University ot Technology Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 2000. 

M.N. Belgacem and A. Gandini in Monomers, Polymers and Composites from Renewable Resources, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2008. 

Khananashvili, L. M. Mukbaniani, O. V Zaikov, G. E. The book. New Concepts in Polymer Science, Elementorganic Monomers Technology, Properties, Applica-tions . Printed in Netherlands, VSP, Utrecht, 2006. 

Ethylene oxide is manufactured hy direct oxidation of ethylene, in contrast PO is only obtained in coproduct processes. The classical process, chlorination of propylene, is still used by Dow, one of the world s largest producer of polyether polyols. In contrast, all other producers use the Halcon process, based on the simultaneous production of PO and styrene monomer or t-butyl alcohol. In view of the demise of AITBE (methyl-f-butyl ether based on t-butyl alcohol) as a fuel additive, the styrene coproduct process (POSM) will remain as the economically viable route to PO. A recent example is the new (SMPO) plant of Basell at Moerdijk in the Netherlands. The largest producer of PO, the former Arco (now Lyondell), has sold its global polyol business to Bayer in 1999. Lyondell will also provide Bayer a long-term, low cost supply of PO. Recently, Dow annoimced that it also will use the POSM route to PO in a new facility. 

Here the different steps of the preparation of the nanocomposites are briefly summarized. First, PPO (a low molar mass polymer powder supplied by Sabic-IP, the Netherlands] was end-capped by acetylation in order to avoid inhibition of the styrene polymerization by phenolic OH groups. It was subsequently mixed with styrene and hexadecane. Then the mixture was added to an aqueous solution of 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (SDBS). This mixture of SDBS/ hexadecane was chosen as a stabilization system since it is suitable to achieve and guarantee efficient stabilization of polymer particles of sizes smaller than 1 ymP The emulsification process was split up into two steps, namely, a first pre-emulsification step performed by ultra-high shear stirring, followed by ultrasonication in order to obtain submicron particles. Finally, the polymerization was initiated and carried out at 80°C under inert atmosphere (final monomer conversion of 90 %]. The latex obtained had a solid content of 23.6 wt% and contained 10 wt% of PPO dissolved in PS and had a particle size of 100 nm. At the end of the polymerization, the PS molar mass was about... 

J. Bush, J. Gilbert and X. Goenaga, Spectra for the Identification of Monomers in Food Packaging, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1994. 

Verdurmen-Noel, E.F.J. (1994) Monomer Partitioning and Composition Drift in Emulsion Copolymerization. Ph.D. thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Verrier-Charleux, B., GraiUat,C., Chevalier, Y., Pichot, C. and ReviUon, A. (1991) Colloid. Polym. Sci., 269, 398. 

Initial development of UV-curable materials for imprint lithography predates NIL and was inspired in the 1980s by the need to make reliable replicas in a short amount of time, and at a low cost, for LaserVision videodiscs. " Researchers at the Philips Research Laboratories in the Netherlands coined the production process of videodisc replication as photopolymerization process or 2P process." The 2P process requires the use of photosensitive materials that become extremely hard, with low shrinkage, once exposed to UV radiation (typically 300-400nm). The 2P process is based on free radical chemistry, and UV-curable materials consist of liquid monomers, usually acrylates or acrylate oligomers, to which a suitable photoinitiator is added. A little over a decade later, Haisma et extended this work to mold-assisted nanolithography and is the first reported work of UV-NIL with 100 nm features. 

The monomer, butyl acrylate (BA), was purchased from SRL India Ltd and sodium silicate (SS) was a gift of a solid granular sample (CAS 1344-098, Batch No. 2023BB H20-1) from PQ Corporation, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Copper sulfate, glycine and ammonium persulfate (APS) were of analytical grade and used as such. All solutions were prepared using doubly distilled water. 

FIGU RE 15.5 Synthesis methods of PLA. (Data from Averous, L., chap. 21 in M. N. Belgacem and A. Gandini, eds., Monomers, Polymers and Composites from Renewable Resources, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2008 With kind permission from Springer Science+Business Media Biopolymers from Renewable Resource, chap. 15,1998, D. L. Kaplan.)... 

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