Monofunctional aliphatic compounds

Figure 5.23. Mass spectra of three monofunctional aliphatic compounds.

Essential oils consist of volatile, lipophilic substances that are mainly hydrocarbons or monofunctional compounds derived from the metabolism of mono- and sesquiterpenes, phenylpropanoids, amino acids (lower mass aliphatic compounds), and fatty acids (long-chain aliphatic compounds). Unlike fatty oils, essential oils do not leave a grease stain when dabbed on filter paper. 

Composition Genuine essential oils consist exclusively of volatile components with boiling points mainly between 150 and 300 °C. They contain predominantly hydrocarbons or monofunctional compounds such as aldehydes, alcohols, esters, ethers, and ketones. Parent compounds are mono- and sesquiterpenes, phenylpropane derivatives, and longer-chain aliphatic compounds. Accordingly, essential oils are relative non-polar mixtures, i.e., they are soluble in most organic solvents. Often the organoleptic properties are not determined by the main components but by minor and trace compounds such as, e.g., 1,3,5-undecatrienes and pyrazines in galbanum oil. In many of the commercially important oils, the number of identified components exceeds 100. Very many of the constituents are chiral, frequently one isomer predominates or is exclusively present, e. g., (- )-menthol in peppermint oils or (-)-linalyl acetate in lavender oil. 

The elimination of solvents that interact specifically (hydrogen-bond donors, polyhalogenated and aromatic materials) seems necessary. It then appears that for the group of select solvents (l.e., polar, monofunctional aprotic, aliphatic compounds) left, all the scales correlate with each other to a good approximation (Table 15a). This has the led present authors to define a scale of polarity tt (32a) such that tt = (ir ), where (7t )c is the value of tt for a select solvent. (Cf. Table 15b). 

The terminal R groups can be aromatic or aliphatic. Typically, they are derivatives of monohydric phenoHc compounds including phenol and alkylated phenols, eg, /-butylphenol. In iaterfacial polymerization, bisphenol A and a monofunctional terminator are dissolved in aqueous caustic. Methylene chloride containing a phase-transfer catalyst is added. The two-phase system is stirred and phosgene is added. The bisphenol A salt reacts with the phosgene at the interface of the two solutions and the polymer "grows" into the methylene chloride. The sodium chloride by-product enters the aqueous phase. Chain length is controlled by the amount of monohydric terminator. The methylene chloride—polymer solution is separated from the aqueous brine-laden by-products. The facile separation of a pure polymer solution is the key to the interfacial process. The methylene chloride solvent is removed, and the polymer is isolated in the form of pellets, powder, or slurries. 

Ester exchange of dihydroxy compounds with diesters of carbonic acid and monofunctional aromatic or aliphatic hydroxy compounds. 

Amidon, G. L, Yalkowski, S. H., Anik, S. T., Valvani, S. C. Solubility of nonelectrolytes in polar solvents V. Estimation of the solubility of aliphatic monofunctional compounds in water... 

Valvani, S. C. "Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Polar Solvents. V. Estimation of the Solubility of Aliphatic Monofunctional Compounds in Water Using a Molecular Surface Approach" J. Phys. Chem., 1975, 79, 2239. 

Amidon GL, Yalkowsky SH, Anik ST, and Valvani SC. Solubility of Non electrolytes in Polar Solvents V Estimation of the Solubility of Aliphatic Monofunctional compounds in Water using a Molecular Surface Area Approach. JPhys Chew, 1975 79 2239-2246. 

Mclnnes and Bolton (203) disclosed the use of ammonia and primary monofunctional or difunctional aliphatic amines in vapor form for the rapid curing of isocyanate-terminated prepolymers on various substrates, primarily for use in printing inks but made mention also for use in coatings, adhesives, and caulking compounds. 

A review of synthetic methods for the most popular photoactive compounds used in diazoquinone resists—DNQ-5-sulfonate and DNQ-4-sulfonate—has been provided by Ershov et al. The synthesis typically begins with naphthalene derivatives, and proceeds via introduction of a sulfonic acid group, followed by diazotization and reaction with thionyl chloride to yield the sulfonic acid chloride (Scheme 7.2). In the next step, the chloride is reacted in a base-catalyzed esterification with a suitable ballast group or backbone, which usually is a multifunctional phenol, less frequently a monofunctional phenol or an aliphatic alcohol. ... 

Aliphatic polyamides are produced commercially by condensation of diamines with dibasic adds, by self-condensation of an amino acid, or by self-condensation of an amino acid, or by ring-opening polymeri2ation of a lactam [14,40,41]. To obtain polymers of high molecular weight, there should be stoichiometric equivalence of amine and acid groups of the monomers. For amino acids and lactams the stoichiometric balance is ensured by the use of pure monomers for diamines and dibasic acids this is readily obtained by the preliminary formation of a 1 1 ammonium salt, often referred to as a nylon salt. Small quantities of monofunctional compounds are often used to control the molecular weight. 

Aliphatic epoxy compounds find some limited use in epoxy structural adhesives. They generally are low-viscosity liquids, so they can reduce viscosity with less impact on cross-link density than the monofunctional dliuents have. The cycloaliphatic compounds such as 3, 4 -epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3,4-epoxy-cyclohexane carboxylate (CY-179 from CIBA-GEIGY) are made by direct epoxidation of... 

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