Monitoring systems, location

Plants are designed to accormnodate routine releases of radioactivity and to minimize releases resulting from abnormal conditions and accidents. However, as indicated in Figure 5.1-11, because an accident resulting in off-site early health effects (death and injuries) would have to be fast, direct, and unfiltered, such a release would most probably be via an unmonitored pathway to the atmosphere. The most important example is a release due to a major containment failure or major containment penetration failure. As a result, effluent-monitoring systems located in routinely monitored release pathways (e.g., stacks) would not be able to assess the extent and the characteristics of such a severe release. 

AEBIL monitoring system it consists of the following sub-units, located in the control backroom, (figs. 3,4) ... 

S. Dcm ribe the precauhons which should be considered when determining the location of tin- sampling manifold inlet for an ambient monitoring system. 

Temperature and pressure represent two of the major parameters measured and evaluated in a monitoring system. All gas turbine engines are equipped with sensors of this type however, the exact number as well as their location varies considerably among manufacturers. 

Continuous monitoring is necessary on critical machines where problems can develop rapidly and have severe financial consequences. Typical machines in this category are unspared process compressors. Remotely located machinery such as pipeline gas compressors also require continuous monitoring. Also, continuous monitoring may be dictated by safety considerations. Even though the cost of a failure is small, machines should be continuously monitored if a failure will result in hazards to personnel. Figure 8-38 depicts a typical continuous monitoring system. 

A factor which previously limited installation of automatic corrosion monitoring systems was the cost of cabling between sensors and control room instrumentation-this was particularly relevant to the electrical resistance (ER) systems. Developments to overcome this have included transmitter units at the probe location providing the standard 4-20 mA output (allowing use of standard cable) for onward transmission to data systems or the use of radio linkage which has been successfully used for other process-plant instrumentation. 

The MARS-S is constituted of a multimode cavity very close to domestic oven with safety precautions (15 mL vessels up to 0.5 L round-bottomed flasks, magnetic stirring, temperature control). The magnitude of microwave power available is 300 W. The optical temperature sensor is immersed in the reaction vessel for quick response up to 250 °C. A ceiling mounted is available in order to make connection with a conventional reflux system located outside the cavity or to ensure addition of reactants. These ports are provided with a ground choke to prevent microwave leakage. It is also possible to use a turntable for small vessels with volumes close to 0.1 mL to 15 mL vessels (120 positions for 15 mL vessels). Pressure vessels are available (33 bar monitored, 20 controlled). 

All monitoring systems have drawbacks because (1) the workers move in and out of the exposed workplace and (2) the concentration of toxicants may vary at different locations in the work area. Industrial hygienists play an important role in the selection and placement of workplace monitoring equipment and the interpretation of the data. 

Alarm systems can be integrated with fire detection systems, intrusion detection systems (IDSs), access control systems, or closed circuit television (CCTV) systems, so that these systems automatically respond when the alarm is triggered. For example, a smoke detector alarm can be set up to automatically notify the fire department when smoke is detected, or an intrusion alarm can automatically trigger cameras to turn on in a remote location so that personnel can monitor that location. 

Installation of online monitoring systems at appropriate locations and controlled dosing of bleach chemicals can aid in the reduction of chlorinated organics in effluents. 

Field operating personnel have access to the computer through a man-machine input/output (I/O) system located in the Field office. The I/O equipment consists of a cathode ray tube (CRT) with attached keyboard, a card reader and a printer for permanent copy of transmitted information. The I/O system supplies all alarms and operating data needed to monitor production operations. 

USEPA (1991). Time spent in activities, locations, and microenvironments A California-national comparison. Report No. 600/4-91/006, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, NV, USA. 

---