Molybdenum dietary sources

Manganese and molybdenum are essential for enzymes in humans and other animals, but a dietary deficiency of these minerals is exceedingly rare in humans. Oobalt is essential for vitamin B12, but the human body cannot make vitamin B12 from cobalt and thus requires the preformed vitamin from dietary sources. (It is possible to derive some vitamin B12 from bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract.)... 

Sources Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997) Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin Folate, Vitamin B, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998) Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000) Dietary Reference hitakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001) Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005) and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu... 

Sources Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine Dietary Reference Intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D and fluoride, 1997 Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B, folate, vitamin Bj, pantothenic acid, biotin and choline, 1998 Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and carotenoids, 2000 Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenc, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium and zinc, 2001, National Academy Press Washington, DC. 

Molybdenum occurs naturally in various ores the principal source being molybdenite (MoS ). Molybdenum compounds are used primarily in the production of metal allo). Molybdenum is also considered an essential trace element with the provisional recommended dietary intake of 75-250 pg/day for adults and older children. There is no information available on the acute or subchronic oral toxicity of molybdenum in humans. Subchronic and chronic Reference Concentrations (RfC) for Mo are not available. Information on the inhalation toxicity of Mo in humans following acute and subchronic exposures is also not available. The chronic oral Reference Dose (RfD) for Mo and Mo compounds is 0.005 mg/kg/day, based on biochemical indices in humans. The subchronic RfD is also 0.005 mg/kg/day. Mo is placed in EPA Group D, not classifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans. ... 

The requirements for the ultratrace elements will be met if a person consumes a diet based on the dietary guidelines recommended by. For some areas of the world, especially in developing countries where traditional, monotonous diets are based primarily on a cereal (particularly rice) or tuber staple, the intake of several ultratrace elements (e.g., boron, molybdenum) could possibly be low. Reported typical dietary intakes (mostly for industrialized countries) and rich sources of the ultratrace elements are shown in Table 3. 

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