Folate vitamin

Severe cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency results in pernicious anemia that is characterized by megaloblastic anemia and neuropathies. The symptoms of this deficiency can be masked by high intake of folate. Vitamin B12 is recycled by an effective enterohep-atic circulation and thus has a very long half-hfe. Absorption of vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract requires the presence of gastric intrinsic factor. This factor binds to the vitamin, forming a complex that... 

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin Bg, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington National Academy, 1998. 

Serum folate, vitamin D (if on long-term therapy)... 

Periodic CBC, liver and renal function tests, serum folate, vitamin D during prolonged therapy... 

M. Fenech, C. Aitken, and J. Rinaldi, Folate, Vitamin B12, Homocysteine Status and DNA Damage in Young Australian Adults, Carcinogenesis 19 (1998) 1163-71. 

T Bottiglieri. Folate, vitamin B12, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Nutr Rev 54 382-390, 1996. 

Contains modest amounts of niacin, folate, vitamin B6, and some minerals... 

A good source of vitamin C and bioflavonoids also contain folate, vitamin E, iron, and calcium... 

A good source of protein, folate, vitamin A, iron, and potassium... 

Some varieties are high in beta carotene, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron, and potassium Limes... 

Clarke R, Smith AD, Jobst KA, Refsum H, Sutton L, Ueland PM. Folate, vitamin B12, and serum total homocysteine levels in confirmed Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 1998 55(11) 1449-1455. 

Folate (vitamin B9) Methionine cycle methyl donor in the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine via methionine synthase... 

The liver is designed to store a variety of substances glucose (as glycogen), fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E and K), folate, vitamin B12 and minerals such as copper and iron. However,... 

Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin Bi Vitamin Niacin Vitamin Be Folate Vitamin B12 Vitamin C... 

The identification of hyperhomocysteinemia as an independent risk factor in atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (Section 10.3.4.2) has led to suggestions that intakes of vitamin Be higher than are currently considered adequate to meet requirements may be desirable. Homocysteine is an intermediate in methionine metabolism and may undergo one of two metabolic fates, as shown in Figure 9.5 remethylation to methionine (a reaction that is dependent on vitamin B12 and folic acid) or onward metabolism leading to the synthesis of cysteine (trans-sulfuration). Therefore, intakes of folate, vitamin B12, and/or vitamin Be may affect homocysteine metabolism. 

Scott J and Weir D (1994) Folate/vitamin B12 inter-relationships. Essays in Biochemistry 28, 63-72. 

The vitamins folate (vitamin B9) (56, 57) and cobalmin (vitamin B12) (58) have been investigated as vehicles for delivery of impermeable molecnles into cells. By binding with high affinity (Kd 10 ° M) to folate receptors, folate-linked drugs, radiopharmaceuticals, nucleic acids, and nanoparticles can become internalized by RME. Similarly, transcobalamin receptors bind and promote the endocytosis of cobalamin and cobalamin conjn-gates complexed to solnble transcobalamin (59). This approach has been used to target selectively tumor cells that overexpress these receptors. 

National Academy of Sciences Food and Nutrition Board, Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin and choline. National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 1998, pp. 309 22. 

A cofartor can be any chemical required by an enzyme, that is, a metal ion, coenzyme, lipid, or accessory pmtein. A coenzyme is a small organic molecule required by an enzyme that participates in the chemistry of catalysis. Most of the coenzymes work according to the following principle. They shuttle back and forth between two or more different forms. I lere, one of the forms may be considered to be the coenzymatically active form, and the other may be seen as requiring regeneration to the active form. This is the case for folate, vitamin B, riboflavin-and niacin-based cofactors, ascorbic acid, and vitamin K. The coenzymatically active (inactive) forms of three of these coenzymes are tetrahydrofolate (dihydro-folate), ascorbic acid (dehydroascorbic acid), and vitamin KH2 (vitamin K). 

A study of 2K human subjects revealed that treatment with three vitamins together (folate, vitamin and vitamin Bu) can provoke a decline of plasma homt>cysteine from an initial level of about 12 piM to the lower level of 8 xM (Naurath ei a]., 1995). A study of 100 men with moderate levels of plasma homocysteine (18-40 pM) involved separate supplements of placebo, folic acid, vitamin 15i2, or vitamin E. Folic add alone resulted in a 40% decline in plasma homocysteine. Vitamin B] alone provoked a 15% decrease in the amino acid, while vitamin... 

By viewing the indicated food choices, and using tables of nutrients in foods, the researchers were able to estimate the daily intake of various nutrients, such as folate, vitamin C, calcium, and iron. The results for folate and vitamin C are shown separately for women and men in Table 11.2. The daily intakes for the nutrients were divided into four groups, as indicated. The risk for adenomas is expressed by a special term, called the odds ratio (OR) (see Appendix C). 

---