Molten carbonate fuel cells performance

Subramanian, N. Haran, B.S. Ganesan, P. White, R.E. Popov, B.N. Analysis of molten carbonate fuel cell performance using a three-phase homogeneous model. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2003, 150 (1), A46-A56. 

Iwase, Y. Okada, H. Kuroe, S. Mitsuishima, S. Takeuchi, M. Enhancement and stabilization of the molten carbonate fuel cell performance by optimization of electrode pore distributions. Denki Kagaku 1994, 62 (2), 152-157. 

In order to describe the geometrical and structural properties of several anode electrodes of the molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), a fractal analysis has been applied. Four kinds of the anode electrodes, such as Ni, Ni-Cr (lOwt.%), Ni-NiaAl (7wt.%), Ni-Cr (5wt.%)-NijAl(5wt.%) were prepared [1,2] and their fractal dimensions were evaluated by nitrogen adsorption (fractal FHH equation) and mercury porosimetry. These methods of fractal analysis and the resulting values are discussed and compared with other characteristic methods and the performances as anode of MCFC. 

Fig. 23. (a) Experimental IR-free overpotentials in MCFC-based separator. Cell performance 0.25% C02 Feed. All curves calculated [32] (b) C02 production scheme using molten carbonate fuel cell stack. 

In applications for static purpose, phosphoric add fuel cells have been constructed on a large scale for mainly test purposes. They have shown commerdal level performance and stability. More advanced types of fuel cells like molten carbonate fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells are also under development for this purpose but are %t to reach that level. 

ERC, "Effects of Coal-Derived Trace Species on the Performance of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells," topical report prepared for U.S. DOE/METC, DOE/MC/25009-T26, October 1991. 

T. Kodama, Government Industrial Research Institute, Osaka, "Cell Performance of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell with Alkali and Alkaline Earth Carbonate Mixtures," in The International... 

D. Rastler, EPRI, G. Devore, Destec Engineering, R. Castle, Haldor Topsoe, C. Chi, ERC, "Demonstration of a Carbonate Fuel Cell Stack on Coal-Derived Gas," in Fuel Cell Seminar. "Effects of Coal-Derived Trace Species on the Performance of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells," Topical Report prepared by Energy Research Corporation for US DOE/METC, DOE/MC/25009-T26, October, 1991. 

T.P. Magee, H R. Kunz, M. Krasij, H.A. Cole, "The Effects of Halides on the Performance of Coal Gas-Fueled Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell," Semi-Annual Report, October 1986 -March 1987, prepared by International Fuel Cells for the U.S. Department of Energy, Morgantown, WV, under Contract No. DE-AC21-86MC23136, May 1987. 

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Networks Principles, Analysis and Performance... 

Hirata, H. and Hori, M. (1996) Gas-flow uniformity and cell performance in a molten carbonate fuel cell stack, Journal of Power Sources 63, 115-120. 

Xu et al. (2006b) have successfully introduced Brinkman-Forchheimer-extended Darcy equation in order to solve the performance of molten carbonate fuel cell. As a verification of REV method, Poiseuille flow profiles in the porous media modifying LBM with... 

In recent decades, research has intensified to develop commercially viable fuel cells as a cleaner, more efficient source of energy, due to the global shortage of fossil fuels. The challenge is to achieve a cell lifetime suitable for transportation and stationary applications. Among the possible fuel cell types, it is generally believed that PEM fuel cells hold the most promise for these uses [10, 11], In order to improve fuel cell performance and lifetime, a suitable technique is needed to examine PEM fuel cell operation. EIS has also proven to be a powerful technique for studying the fundamental components and processes in fuel cells [12], and is now widely applied to the study of PEM fuel cells as well as direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), solid oxide fuel cell (SOFCs), and molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs). 

Lim and Winnick [110] examined removal of H2S from a simulated hot coal-gas stream fed to the cathode while elemental sulfur gas was evolved at the anode. This process was performed in a cell that was similar in construction to a molten carbonate fuel cell (Fig. 23). The electrolyte was a mixture of Na2S and Li2S retained in a porous inert matrix material (MgO). The cathodic reaction involved the two-electron reduction of hydrogen sulfide to hydrogen (information on the equilibrium potential for H2S reduction can be obtained from [111] ... 

Similar efforts in solid-state electrochemistry for SOFC development focus on the exploration of new perovskites not only for the ORR but also for the anodic oxidation of hydrocarbons [182]. In this area, the discovery that Cu-based anodes present a viable alternative to the classical Ni-YSZ cermet anodes is particularly noteworthy [166, 183, 184], owing to the significant enhancement of performance by avoiding coke deposition. Similar important advances have occurred in the molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) area [9]. 

Legergren, C. Lundblad, A. Bergman, B. Synthesis and performance of LiCo02 cathodes for the molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC). J. Electrochem. Soc. 1994, 141 (11), 2959-2966. 

Ganesan, P. Colon, H. Haran, B. Popov, N.B. Performance of Lao.8Sro.2Co03 coated NiO as cathodes for molten carbonate fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2003, 115 (1), 12-18. 

Yoshioka, S. Urushibata, H. Superiority of Li2C03/Na2C03 electrolyte in molten carbonate fuel cell. II. Effect of the basicity of the electrolyte on the life performance. Denki Kagaku 1996, 64 (10), 1074-1079. 

Kaun, T.D. Schoeler, A. Centeno, C.-J. Krum-pelt, M. Improved MCFC performance with Li/Na/Ba/Ca carbonate electrolyte. Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Technology, PV. 99-20, Uchida, L, Ed. Electrochemical Society Inc. Pennington, NJ, 1999 219-227. 

Gonjyo, Y. Matsumura, M. Tanaka, T. Performance of direct internal reforming molten carbonate fuel cells. Proceedings of the 26 ... 

Parmaliana, A. Frusteri, F. Tsiakaras, P. Giordano, N. Out of the cell performance of reforming catalysts for direct molten carbonate fuel cells (DMCFC). In Advances in Hydrogen Energy 5, 6th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, 1986 Vol. 3, 1252-1258. 

Morita H, Komoda M, Mugikura Y, Izaki Y, Watanabe T, Masuda Y and Matsuyama T (2002), Performance analysis of molten carbonate fuel cell using a Li/Na electrolyte ,/ Power Sources, 112,509-518. 

Paoletti C, Carewska M, Lo Presti R and Me Phail S (2009), Performance analysis of new cathode materials for molten carbonate fuel cells ,/Power Sonreas, 193,... 

Matsumoto S., Sasaki A., Urushibata H., Tanaka T., 1990. Performance model of molten carbonate fuel cell. IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 252-258. 

Watanabe, T., and Abe, T. (1998) Numerical analyses of the internal conditions of a molten carbonate fuel cell stack comparison of stack performances for various gas flow types. J. Power Sources, 71 (1-2), 328-336. 

Uu, S.-F., Chu, H.-S., and Yuan, P. (2006) Effect of inlet flow maldistribution on the thermal and electrical performance of a molten carbonate fuel cell unit. J. Power Sources, 161 (2), 1030-1040. 

Performance analysis and multi-objective optimization of a new molten carbonate fuel cell system. Int.J. Hydrogen Energy, 36 (6), 4015-4021. 

Yoshiba, F., Ono, N., Izaki, Y., Watanabe, T., and Abe, T. (1998) Numerical analyses of the internal conditions of a molten carbonate fuel cell stack comparison of stack performances for various gas flow types. J. Power Sources, 71 (1-2), 328 336. Yoshiba, F., Abe, T., and Watanabe, T. (2000) Numerical analysis of molten carbonate fuel cell stack performance diagnosis of internal conditions using cell voltage profiles, f. Power Sources, 87 (1-2), 21-27. 

Gangwal eta . [25] investigated zinc ferrite and zinc ferrite/copper oxide adsorbents for the removal of H2S from coal gas for molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) appHcations at 540-800 °C. H2S concentrations are much higher, that is, 13 400 ppmv, and must be below 10 ppmv in the product gas. A typical breakthrough performance was achieved at 600 °C for 3 ppmv, leading to a capacity of 11.8 g of S per 100 g of sorbent Further investigations on improved adsorbents have been reported [26-28]. 

---