Photovoltaic cell modules

Apart from recapture of the injected electrons by the oxidized dye, there are additional loss channels in dye-sensitized solar cells, which involve reduction of triiodide ions in the electrolyte, resulting in dark currents. The Ti02 layer is an interconnected network of nanoparticles with a porous structure. The functionalized dyes penetrate through the porous network and adsorb over Ti02 the surface. However, if the pore size is too small for the dye to penetrate, that part of the surface may still be exposed to the redox mediator whose size is smaller than the dye. Under these circumstances, the redox mediator can collect the injected electron from the Ti02 conduction band, resulting in a dark current (Equation (6)), which can be measured from intensity-modulated experiments and the dark current of the photovoltaic cell. Such dark currents reduce the maximum cell voltage obtainable, and thereby the total efficiency. 

Peak Watt A manufacturer s unit indicating the amount of power a photovoltaic cell or module will produce at standard test conditions (normally 1,000 watts per square meter and 25 degrees Celsius). 

Photovoltaic (PV) Module An integrated assembly of interconnected photovoltaic cells designed to deliver a selected level of working voltage and current at its output terminals, packaged for protection against environment degradation and suited for incorporation in photovoltaic power systems. 

Shipments of Photovoltaic Cells Modules by Market Sector, End Use Type, U.S. 2005-2006 66... 

Other includes shipments of photovoltaic cells and modules for other uses, such as cooking food, desalinization, distillation, etc. 

Photovoltaic Cells, Modules Systems Electronics Components Railway Signaling Products Safety Equipment Microwave Electronics... 

Photovoltaic Solar Cells Solar Panels Modules Concentrator Cells Optoelectronics Custom Design Services... 

The back electron transfer reaction between conduction-band electrons and 13 (Eq. (51)) is the ultimate fate of photoinjected carriers. This reaction can be directly followed by measuring the dark current of the photovoltaic cell. The latter should be kept at a minimal level as it determines the photovoltage and, hence, the overall conversion efficiency of the device [93-95]. On mesoporous Ti02 electrodes sensitized by cw-Ru (dcbpy)2(NCS)2, the rate of the back reaction of injected electrons with 13 was measured from intensity-modulated experiments and was observed to... 

Most of the chapters in the third section are concerned with photovoltaic (PV) applications (conversion of light into electrical energy). Because of the diffuse nature of solar energy, the photovoltaic collection devices must be very large or else the light that strikes them must be concentrated. The first chapter in this section gives an overview of luminescent solar concentrators that can be used with the PV collectors. Most PV collectors or modules are multilayered systems containing a photovoltaic cell element. The next four chapters consider the use of various plastics as encapsulant or pottant materials in the PV modules. 

The majority of photovoltaic modules use silicon as the photovoltaic cell element, but other materials are, in principle, possible. The last four chapters consider the use of organic polymers (sometimes doped) as the cell element or in some related conducting property acrylonitrile, some polymeric phthalocyanines and polymers of 2-vinylnaphthalene that is doped with pyrene and 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene. The study on the last group of polymers was initiated by the idea that they could be used to transfer solar energy to a reaction center and produce some type of chemical reaction. The final chapter carries this approach further in the consideration of polymeric electrodes that could be used to split water into oxygen and hydrogen. The latter could then be utilized as a source of storable, readily transportable chemical energy. 

Flat-Plate Solar Photovoltaic Module - An arrangement of photovoltaic cells or material mounted on a rigid flat surface with the cells exposed freely to incoming sunlight. 

Instantaneous Efficiency (of a Solar Collector) - The amount of energy absorbed (or converted) by a solar collector (or photovoltaic cell or module) over a 15 minute period. 

Module - The smallest self-contained, environmentally protected structure housing interconnected photovoltaic cells and providing a single dc electrical output also called a panel. 

Parallel Connection - A way of joining photovoltaic cells or modules by connecting positive leads together and negative leads together such a configuration increases the current, but not the voltage. 

Photovoltaic Module Configuration of photovoltaic cells laminated between a clear glaze and a solid substrate. 

---