Modular particles

Knollenberg, S. C., Knollenberg, R. G., Nonintrusive Modular Particle Detecting Device, US Patent 5,459,569, 1995. 

Laser diffraction is a fast alternative for analysis of the size distribution of particles in an aerosol cloud. The theory of laser diffraction is well understood [124,125]) but this technique requires special measures to test inhalation devices and to interpret the results correctly. One of the major problems is that flow adjustment through the inhaler is not possible. Furthermore, the presence of carrier particles from adhesive mixtures may disturb the measurement of the fine drug particles and the size distribution obtained is of an unknown dehvered mass fraction of the dose. These practical problems and limitations have been solved by the design of a new modular inhaler adapter for the Sympatec laser diffraction apparatus (Figure 3.6). 

The Metcalf Eddy HYDRO-SEP soil washing system is an ex situ, water-based technology that separates contaminants from soil matrices. The HYDRO-SEP modular system uses screening and hydraulic classification processes to separate uncontaminated soil particles from a contaminated mixture. 

Features of PEPT of particular benefit to engineering studies include the fact that the actual particles of interest may be used as tracers, rather than dissimilar materials of unknown behaviour, and that y-rays are sufficiently penetrating that location is unimpaired by the presence of metal walls, for example. In recent developments, the minimum size of particles which can be tracked has been reduced to approximately 60 pm. It is now possible to track multiple particles, to determine particle rotation and to track motion within real industrial equipment by use of a mobile modular positron camera. These developments are described later. 

It has been demonstrated [62] that nuclear synthesis can be rationalized in terms of continued a-particle (4He) addition, starting from the elementary units He (n = 2,3,4, 5), to yield the four modular series of nuclides shown in Figure 4.2. By assumption this process happens under cosmic conditions where all stable nuclides consist of protons and neutrons in the ratio Z/N = 1. The even mass number series, A = 4n and A = 4n + 2, result from the equilibrium chain reactions ... 

In support of this conjecture it is noted that the known stable nuclides divide into four modular series of mass number, A(mod4), each of which can be reconstructed by the addition of a-particles (Z/N = 1), starting from the neutron and antineutron combinations, n,nn, n, n n [62]. The scheme, like big-bang synthesis, depends on the availability of the light nuclides 2H and 4He. Unlike big-bang synthesis, all nuclides are proposed to be formed here in one equilibrium process, the only mechanism that explains periodic abundance. 

The method to calculate the dimensions of the modular canister, or a set of modular canisters to be used, is to employ Equations 7.42 and 7.43 to calculate the maximum D0, and also the previously estimated operational parameters of the PFIEBR, that is, x 60s, and < 0.1 d, where, is the ion-exchanger particle diameter and d is the reactor internal diameter and our knowledge about the total cation-exchange capacity of the packed natural zeolite. 

Simulation techniques suitable for the description of phenomena at each length-scale are now relatively well established Monte Carlo (MC) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) methods at the molecular length-scale, various mesoscopic simulation methods such as Dissipative Particle Dynamics (Groot and Warren, 1997), Brownian Dynamics, or Lattice Boltzmann in the colloidal domain, Computational Fluid Dynamics at the continuum length-scale, and sequential-modular or equation-based methods at the unit operation/process-systems level. 

Using the procedure illustrated in Fig. 4, we have determined several subnanometer-resolution structures of icosahedral particles (Zhou et al, 2000, 2001, 2003 Viang et al, 2001a, 2003 Liang et al, 2002). In this section, we discuss each of the steps in our procedure and mention the specific modular programs (in italics) employed. 

Malvern ALPS 100 system liquid particle counter is a modular system that can be used with an autosampler for multiple samples or with an online sampler for direct measurement of flowing liquids. It can be used with sample volumes down to 0.5 ml and uses a built-in multi-channel analyzer to perform size distribution analyses of low concentration dispersions. Suitable for both aqueous liquids and solvents, it measures up to 50 size bands in the 2 to 100 pm or 3 to 150 pm size range with output from a built-in thermal printer or external dot matrix printer. 

There are two types of Mastersizer instruments the Mastersizer Micro and the Mastersizer E, which are low cost instruments for repetitive analyses and the modular series of Mastersizer S and Mastersizer X, the ultimate in resolution and dynamic size range, which are required when samples in the form of aerosols, suspensions and dry powders need to be measured. Mastersizer X provides a selection of small size ranges using a variety of interchangeable lenses whereas the Mastersizer S provides a wider dynamic size range covered in a single measurement. For powders which are to be suspended in a solvent, emulsions, suspensions and particles in liquids there are small volume cells which require as little as 15 ml of dispersant. Where a material is either valuable or toxic the Malvern Small Volume Flow Cell, with a sample volume of 50-80 ml and full sample recovery, can be used. The X-Y sampler is a 40-sample accessory... 

Nicomp380/DLS Submicron particle sizer uses dynamic light scattering with a size range of 0.003 to 5 pm with unique modular options. An Autodilution unit that eliminates the need for manual dilution of concentrated samples [307] an Auto-sampler that permits automatic batch analysis of as many as 76 samples high-power laser diodes, multi-angle options and zeta-potential accessory. 

The modular sampling train consists of 4 main modules and their submodules. The main modules are gas preconditioning, particle collection, tar collection and volume sampling. The modules are shown in Figure 3 and the purposes of the modules and needed equipment are aggregated in Table 1. 

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