Shapiro reactions

The Shapiro reaction is a variant of the Bamford-Stevens reaction. The former uses bases such as alkyllithiums and Grignard reagents whereas the latter employs bases such as Na, NaOMe, LiH, NaH, NaNH2, etc. As a result, the Shapiro reaction generally affords the less-substituted olefins as the kinetic products, while the Bamford-Stevens reaction delivers the more-substituted olefins as the thermodynamic products. 

Kurek-Tyrlik, A. Marczak, S. Michalak, K. Wicha, J. Synlett 2000, 547. 

Name Reactions A Collection of Detailed Mechanisms and Synthetic Applications, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-03979-4 247, Springer International PublisMng Switzerland 2014 

Shapiro, R. H. Duncan, J. H. Clopton, J. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 471 72. Robert H. Shapiro published this 1967 JACS paper when he was an assistant professor at the University of Colorado. He was denied tenure despite having been inunortal-ized with a reaction named after him. 

Shapiro reaction. In Name Reactions for Functional Group Transformations, Li, J. J., Corey, E. J., eds, Wiley Hoboken, NJ, 2007, pp 405-413. 

Name Reactions, 4th ed., DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-01053-8 231, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 

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A more promising procedure for the formation of alkenes from tosylhydrazones is represented by the Shapiro reaction It differs from the Bamford-Stevens reaction by the use of an organolithium compound (e.g. methyl lithium) as a strongly basic reagent ... 

The reaction mechanism has been confirmed by trapping of intermediates 13, 14 and 15. Because of the fact that neither a carbene nor a carbenium ion species is involved, generally good yields of non-rearranged alkenes 2 are obtained. Together with the easy preparation and use of tosylhydrazones, this explains well the importance of the Shapiro reaction as a synthetic method. 

Removal of the carbonate ring from 7 (Scheme 1) and further functional group manipulations lead to allylic alcohol 8 which can be dissected, as shown, via a retro-Shapiro reaction to give vinyl-lithium 9 and aldehyde 10 as precursors. Vinyllithium 9 can be derived from sulfonyl hydrazone 11, which in turn can be traced back to unsaturated compounds 13 and 14 via a retro-Diels-Alder reaction. In keeping with the Diels-Alder theme, the cyclohexene aldehyde 10 can be traced to compounds 16 and 17 via sequential retrosynthetic manipulations which defined compounds 12 and 15 as possible key intermediates. In both Diels-Alder reactions, the regiochemical outcome is important, and special considerations had to be taken into account for the desired outcome to. prevail. These and other regio- and stereochemical issues will be discussed in more detail in the following section. 

Ketone p-toluenesulfonylhydrazones are converted to alkenes on treatment with strong bases such as an alkyllithium or lithium dialkylamide.286 Known as the Shapiro reaction,2 7 this proceeds through the anion of a vinyldiimide, which decomposes to a vinyllithium reagent. Treatment of this intermediate with a proton source gives the alkene. 

The Shapiro reaction has been particularly useful for cyclic ketones, but its scope includes acyclic systems as well. In the case of unsymmetrical acyclic ketones,... 

The Shapiro reaction converts the p-lolucncsulfonylhydrazoncs of a, (3-unsaturated ketones to dienes (see Entries 3 to 5 in Scheme 5.14).289... 

The vinyl lithium reagents generated in the Shapiro reaction can be used in tandem reactions. In the reaction shown below, a hydroxymethyl group was added by formylation followed by reduction. 

Scheme 5.15 shows some examples of the Shapiro reaction. Entry 1 is an example of the standard procedure, as documented in Organic Syntheses. Entry 2 illustrates the preference for the formation of the less-substituted double bond. Entries 3, 4, and 5 involve tosylhydrazone of a, (3-unsaturated ketones. The reactions proceed by a -deprotonation. Entry 6 illustrates the applicability of the reaction to a highly strained system. 

Alkenyllithium compounds are intermediates in the Shapiro reaction, which is discussed in Section 5.7.2. The reaction can be run in such a way that the organolithium compound is generated in high yield and subsequently allowed to react with a variety of electrophiles.64 This method provides a route to vinyllithium compounds starting from a ketone. 

Scheme 13.17 depicts a synthesis based on enantioselective reduction of bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2,6-dione by Baker s yeast.21 This is an example of desym-metrization (see Part A, Topic 2.2). The unreduced carbonyl group was converted to an alkene by the Shapiro reaction. The alcohol was then reoxidized to a ketone. The enantiomerically pure intermediate was converted to the lactone by Baeyer-Villiger oxidation and an allylic rearrangement. The methyl group was introduced stereoselec-tively from the exo face of the bicyclic lactone by an enolate alkylation in Step C-l. 

Ketone p-toluenesulphonyl hydrazones can be converted to alkenes on treatment with strong bases such as alkyl lithium or lithium dialkylamides. This reaction is known as the Shapiro reaction68. When w./i-LinsaUi rated ketones are the substrates, the products are dienes. This reaction is generally applied to the generation of dienes in cyclic systems where stereochemistry of the double bond is fixed. A few examples where dienes have been generated by the Shapiro reaction have been gathered in Table 669. 

Liebeskind and associates converted 3,4-diisopropyl squarate (97) to stannylcyclobutenedione 98 via a 1,4-addition-elimination sequence. 98 was then coupled with 2-iodothiophene to afford substituted cyclobutenedione 99 [85]. In another case, 3-lithioquinuclidin-2-ene, generated from the Shapiro reaction of 3-quinuclidinone (100), was quenched with Bu3SnCl to afford a unique enamine stannane 101. The Stille reaction of stannane 101 and 5-bromo-2-formyl-thiophene then furnished 3-thienylquinuclidine 102 [86]. 

Conjugated dienes can be prepared from certain ketones via their trisylhydrazones (386) by the Shapiro reaction (equation 102). This involves a reductive metallation to a vinyllithium intermediate, transmetallation, for example, with Cu(I) iodide, and oxidative coupling. ... 

The preparation of organolithium reagents and intermediates VI. THE SHAPIRO REACTION... 

The Shapiro reaction occurs when a tosylhydrazone 86, easily prepared from a ketone and tosylhydrazine, is treated with 2 equivalents of an ethereal solution of n-butyllithium 87, resulting first in the removal of the N—H proton to give the anion 88 and then of a one proton from the less-substituted a position to give the dianion 89. Elimination of lithium p-toluenesulfinate in the rate-limiting step gives the lithium aUtenyldiazenide 90, which suffers loss of nitrogen to afford the alkenyllithium 91 (equation 31) ° . ... 

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