Modified time course

Human Extended Insulin Zinc Suspension. Ultralente Humulin U is a long-acting form of human insulin produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is adrninistered subcutaneously and should not be given intravenously. The time course of this preparation is similar for onset of activity but shorter for maximum activity and duration of action compared with ultralente preparations of animal origin. Insulins of the lente series can be mixed in any proportion to obtain the desired dose and modified activity. 

The receptor represents the locus of dmg action. However, the pharmacokinetic processes of absorption (dmg entry), distribution, metaboHsm, and excretion play principal roles in determining in vivo time courses and concentrations of dmgs and thus modify actions initiated at receptors. 

Figure 6. Time courses in the retention of 51 Cr beads in the bivalves, Potamocorbula amurensis and Macoma balthica. During the lag period there was no significant release. Modified from [89]...

The effects of ozone appear to be cumulative for initial exposures followed by adaptation. Five of six subjects exposed to 0.5 ppm ozone 2 hours/day for 4 days showed cumulative effects of symptoms and lung function tests for the first 3 days, followed by a return to near control values on day 4." In animals exposure to 0.3-3 ppm for up to 1 hour permits the animals to withstand multilethal doses for months afterwards. However, repeated exposures impart protection from all forms of lung injury (e.g., susceptibility to infectious agents, enzyme activities, inflammation). Initial ozone exposure may act to reduce cell sensitivity and/or increase mucus thickness, factors which may modify the accessibility and action of the gas. It is not known how variations in the length, frequency, or magnitude of exposure modify the time course for tolerance. 

While not demonstrated during this work, another interesting capability of the REMUS AUV system is that a sensitive, real-time explosive sensor could supply explosive concentration information to an adaptive mission planner that is capable of modifying the course of the AUV, so that the AUV tracks the explosive plume to its source. This capability, if further developed, could enable detection of UUXO by tracking explosive plumes to source. 

Modified Release Dosage Forms Dosage forms whose drug-release characteristics of time course and/or location are chosen to accomplish therapeutic or convenience objectives not offered by conventional dosage forms such as a solution or an immediate release dosage form. Modified release solid oral dosage forms include both delayed and extended release drug products. 

Fig. 16.7 Time course of visible light induced H2 evolution from aqueous methanol solution over modified RbPb2Nb3O 0 catalysts (a) RbPb2Nb3Oi0, (b) Pt (0.1 wt%) from H2PtCl6 / RbPb2Nb3Ol0, (c) HPb2Nb3O10, (d) Pt (0.1 wt%) from H2PtCl6 / HPb2Nb3O,0 and (e) Pt (0.1 wt%) from [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2 / HPb2Nb3O10.98)...

If the reduced and oxidized peptides do not separate on RP-HPLC, the separation can be improved by modifying the reduced conformer, if still present, by using the thiol-specific reagent NEM to modify the reduced peptide (Scheme 5). This modification results in the formation of a stable covalent linkage between the thiol and NEM, after attack of the thiolate anion on one of the double-bonded carbon atoms in NEM, to form (N-ethylsuc-cinimido)cysteine (Scheme 5). The covalently modified reduced peptide becomes more hydrophobic and is eluted off the column later than the reduced peptide. Thus, baseline resolution can now be obtained between the oxidized conformer and the NEM-modified peptide.11921 The time course of the oxidation can be followed by the disappearance of the NEM-modified peptide with time and the concomitant appearance of the peak corresponding to the oxidized peptide. 

Figure 3 Time course of EEG delta power in SWS during baseline (BSL) and recovery (REC) after a 6 h SD regimen. AK = AKR/J C = BALB/c B6 = C57BL/6 BR = C57BR/cdJ D2 = DBA/2J 129 = 129/OLA. The baseline data presented on the left (open circles) are repeated on the right to facilitate comparison to delta power recorded during recovery after the 6-hr SD (closed circles). Triangles represent bins in which significant differences in delta power occur. (Modified from Ref. 52.)...

Figure 1. Time course of clearance from the circulation of variously modified proteins. The points represent the average values obtained from two to five separate experiments.

Fig. 1. Behavioral response and hippocampal synaptic transmission during exposure to open field stress in freely moving rats. Behavior analysis and electrophysiological experiments were performed simultaneously during the postadolescent period (10-12 weeks old). (A) Locomotor activity estimated by total crossings for 30 min and (B) time-course of crossings during exposure to open field stress. (C) Time-course of population spike amplitude (PSA) in the hippocampal CA1 field evoked by Schaffer collaterals stimulation. Values are expressed as a percentage of the baseline level before open field stress. Non-FS, pups exposed to the footshock (FS) box without FS 2W-FS and 3W-FS, pups exposed to FS during the second and third postnatal weeks, respectively. Each value represents the mean S.E.M. p < 0.05 versus non-FS controls (modified from Koseki etal., 2007).

Figure 5.49 Time course for the limiting current at gold modified with the oligonucleotide 2/4 in methylviologen (MV+2) solution (0.1 mM in 0.1 NaCl) at an applied potential of 0 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl). The inset shows the time domain in which the electrode is alternatively exposed to and shielded from 346 nm illumination the arrows indicate when the shutter is open or closed. From R. S. Reese and M. A. Fox, Spectral and cyclic voltammetric characterization of self-assembled monolayers on gold of pyrene end-labeled oligonucleotide duplexes, Can.. Chem., 77,1077-1084 (1999), with permission from The National Research Council of Canada...

The activity of the Na+/H+ exchanger can be modified by many distinct stimuli including growth factors, neurotransmitters, vasoconstrictors, and several physical factors. Effectors of the Na+/H+ exchanger differ widely in the time course of their action. Some act within seconds or minutes of their application to cells. Others require hours or even days to develop their action. Activation of the Na+/H+ exchanger activity results in an increase in pHi. Conversely, an inhibition of the Na+/H+ exchanger leads to a cellular acidification. 

Fig. 7.2 (a) The prototypical time course of disease episodes in affective disorders (modified after [18]). Disease episodes are initially related to external stressors with increasing strength of the episodes (kindling) which then leads to autonomous progression (episode sensitization) with periodically occurring disease episode of increasing frequency up to ultra-rapid, chaotic mood fluctuations, (b) Analogous activity pattern of... 

Fig. 7.3 Deterministic (a) and noisy (b) computer simulations of the time course of affective disorders showing the intervals between successive disease episodes (interval duration) as a function of a disease variable S and examples of episode generation from different disease states (figure modified after [2]). In deterministic simulations (a), there is a progression from steady state (S = 18) to subthreshold oscillations (S = 22) with immediate onset of periodic event generation at a certain value of S (slightly below S = 60). With further increase of S, the intervals between successive episodes are continuously...

Figure 7.25. Time courses of acclimation for three behavioral traits (temperatures at which coma, loss of equilibrium, and hyperexcitability occurred) and synaptosomal fluidity in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Fish were first acclimated to either 5°C or 25°C and then transferred to the alternate temperature. (Modified after Cossins et al., 1977.)...

Farm and Avnir [113] were the first to use fractal geometry to determine effects of surface morphology on drug dissolution. This was accomplished by the use of the concept of fractal reaction dimension dr [114], which is basically the effective fractal dimension of the solid particle toward a reaction (dissolution in this case). Thus, (5.7) and (5.8) were modified [113] to include surface roughness effects on the dissolution rate of drugs for the entire time course of dissolution... 

Fig. 5 Time course of chlorophyll a concentration (pg 1 1 A, C) and seawater excess viscosity 17 (% B, D), in the intertidal (A, B present work) and coastal (C, D modified from Seuront et al. 2006) waters of the Eastern English Channel. The grey bar indicates the period of foam formation (May 3 to June 10),...

Time course experiments can be performed using different classes of control toxins to determine the length of exposure necessary to induce apoptosis or result in necrotic cell death. A toxin with properties that disrupt cell membranes will result in rapid necrotic cell death. Other chemicals may not become toxic until after conversion by modifying enzymes in the cytoplasm. In many cases, subpopulations of cells at different stages of the cell cycle may undergo cell death at different times. 

The results of analyses planned in the statistical statement presented in the clinical protocol for the study should be provided, including an investigation of the time course of the responses. Explanations must be given if any analyses in the protocol are not carried out or are modified. 

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