Modified effective molarity

Temperature may have a very significant effect in the case of chainwise polymerizations, because it may affect the values of both q and J , thus modifying the molar-mass distribution. 

Effect of increasing amount of acid (octadecanoic) to alcohol (groups available on surface with benzyldibutyl(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium chloride) (BzlOH)-modified clay) molar ratio on the increase in weight loss observed in TGA (I) 1 1, (II) 4 1, and (III) 8 1. (Reproduced from Mittal, V., Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 315,135-41,2007. With permission from Elsevier.)... 

In the alkali and alkaline earth nitrate mixtures, the internal mobilities have been systematically investigated, the isotherms being shown in Fig. 15. The internal mobilities of the alkali ions as a function of the molar volume are much smaller than expressed by an equation such as Eq. (12). This means that the internal mobilities of the alkali ions, Mju, are modified by the tranquilization effect caused by the divalent cations. The M ik is assumed to be expressed by... 

The investigation of the chemical modification of dextran to determine the importance of various reaction parameters that may eventually allow the controlled synthesis of dextran-modified materials has began. The initial parameter chosen was reactant molar ratio, since this reaction variable has previously been found to greatly influence other interfacial condensations. Phase transfer catalysts, PTC s, have been successfully employed in the synthesis of various metal-containing polyethers and polyamines (for instance 26). Thus, the effect of various PTC s was also studied as a function of reactant molar ratio. 

In this equation the entire exterior surface of the catalyst is assumed to be uniformly accessible. Because equimolar counterdiffusion takes place for stoichiometry of the form of equation 12.4.18, there is no net molar transport normal to the surface. Hence there is no convective transport contribution to equation 12.4.21. Let us now consider two limiting conditions for steady-state operation. First, suppose that the intrinsic reaction as modified by intraparticle diffusion effects is extremely rapid. In this case PA ES will approach zero, and equation 12.4.21 indicates that the observed rate per unit mass of catalyst becomes... 

In this work the effect of process parameters on the amination of iBuOH to (iBu)2NH was studied over V-modified Raney nickel. V is known to increase the yield of amines and the stability of catalyst (4,5). Factorial experimental design was used to describe the conversion of alcohol, and the yield and selectivity of secondary amine as a function of reaction temperature, space velocity and NH3/iBuOH molar ratio. 

Note Soluble recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) was modified with various lengths of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers with average molecular weight listed. The final PEG to IL-2 ratio is listed as molar ratio, and their respective hydrodynamic size was determined based on their sendimentation coefficient. Hence the molecular weight listed in Effective Size is not the sum of the PEG and IL-2 with consideration of molar ratio of the PEG-IL-2 conjugates. 

In Equation (9.6), x is the direction of flux, nt [mol m-3 s 1 ] is the total molar density, X [1] is the mole fraction, Nd [mol m-2 s 1] is the mole flux due to molecular diffusion, D k [m2 s 1] is the effective Knudsen diffusion coefficient, D [m2 s 1] is the effective bimolecular diffusion coefficient (D = Aye/r), e is the porosity of the electrode, r is the tortuosity of the electrode, and J is the total number of gas species. Here, a subscript denotes the index value to a specific specie. The first term on the right of Equation (9.6) accounts for Knudsen diffusion, and the following term accounts for multicomponent bulk molecular diffusion. Further, to account for the porous media, along with induced convection, the Dusty Gas Model is required (Mason and Malinauskas, 1983 Warren, 1969). This model modifies Equation (9.6) as ... 

A nonideal network may be obtained as in the previous case but using different nonstoichiometric molar ratios or arresting the polymerization at different conversions, to modify the structure. In these cases, the presence of a sol fraction and dangling chains will introduce an additional plasticization effect, surimposed on the new architecture (Vallo et al., 1993). 

The effect of structural parameters on KIc and GIc can be summarized as follows any change in the chemical structure (use of monomers with different molar masses, use of nonstoichiometric formulations, etc.), will produce a variation in Tg this will directly affect the value of fracture resistance. An increase in Tg will lead to an increase in constant temperature, and to a decrease in the fracture resistance. This is why high-Tg epoxy networks exhibit very low values of fracture resistance. 

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