Mode of action and mechanism

Dithiocarbamates react with the HS-containing enzymes and coenzymes of fungal cells. Enzyme inhibition may also occur by complex formation of the active substance with the metal atoms of metal-containing enzymes (Owens, 1953). The inhibition mechanism is not specific — a primary of main reaction cannot be distinguished in the process. The inhibiting effect of the sodium salt of 

At a pH Mgher than 5.5-6.0, isothiocyanates react in vitro and in vivo with thiol compounds (%), thereby blocking essential HS-containing constituents in the cytoplasm. It is still an open question whether isothiocyanates are group reagents of all the HS-containing enzymes, but they presumably also react with enzymes of other types, because they also react easily with alcohols and amines. 

Klopping and Van der Kerk (1951) presumed that, analogous to the mode of action of N-monoalkyldithiocarbamates, in the case of ethylene-bisdithiocarbamates, ethylene-bisisothiocyanate is the toxic agent. This decomposition product was detected later by thin-layer chromatography on tomato treated with maneb and in an aerated aqueous solution of nabam (Engst et al., 1968 Engst and Schnaak, 1970). Recently, the attention of the researchers has also turned to the other decomposition products. 

Ethylenethiuram disulfide (39) is formed by the oxidation of an aqueous solution of nabam (Morehart and Crossan, 1965 Czegledi-Janko and Hollo, 1967 Engst and Schnaak, 1970 Hylin, 1973). 

It is thought, however, that this compound is only an intermediate product converted at pH values lower than 6.0 by elimination of sulfur into ethylenethiuram 

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Thijssen, H.H.W. (1995). Warfarin-based rodenticides mode of action and mechanism of resistance. Pesticide Science 43, 73-7S. 

Stages in hazard characterization according to the European Commission s Scientific Steering Committee are (1) establishment of the dose-response relationship for each critical effect (2) identification of the most sensitive species and strain (3) characterization of the mode of action and mechanisms of critical effects (including the possible roles of active metabolites) (4) high to low dose (exposure) extrapolation and interspecies extrapolation and (5) evaluation of factors that can influence severity and duration of adverse health effects. 

In cooperation with USDA-ARS, isolated compounds demonstrating phytotoxic activity will be synthesized and tested to determine lethal concentrations, mode of action, and mechanism of action. 

His major scientific interests are bacterial virulence and various aspects of bacteriocins and toxins including quorum sensing regulation, mode of action, and mechanisms involved in immunity and receptor targeting. 

Bozdogan B, Appelbaum PC. Oxazolidi-nones activity, mode of action, and mechanism of resistance. Int. J. Antimi-crob. Agents, 2004, 23, 113—119. 

For many of the commonly used anti-protozoal drugs the modes of action and mechanisms of selective toxicity are well understood, although for some the precise mechanism remains unclear. The most... 

The role of cytoskeletal tubulins in the mode of action and mechanism of drug resistance to benzimidazoles has been reviewed by Lacey [111], who also supports the above hypothesis proposing a close relationship between tubulin-microtubules and other sites of the benzimidazole action. It is believed that inhibition of glucose uptake, fumarate-reductase activity or neuromuscular activity are dependent on inhibition of polymerisation of tubulins to microtubules by benzimidazoles. The inhibition of tubulins by benzimidazoles is so pronounced that it is postulated that even the hatching of eggs of H. controtus is a microtubule dependent process [240]. 

F. E. Dayan, S. O. Duke, Phytotoxidty of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitors Phenomenology, Mode of Action and Mechanisms of Resistance, in Herbicide Activity Toxicology, Biochemistry and Molecular... 

Compounds shown in Table 12.17 entered the market only recently or are going to enter soon. Because the mode of action and mechanism of resistance are still unknown, these compounds have been given a transient status. As soon as more detailed information becomes available, these compounds will be given a... 

Baizman, E.R. et al.. Antibacterial activity of synthetic analognes based on the disaccharide strnctnre of moenomycin, an inhibitor of bacterial transglycosyulase. Microbiology, 146, 3129, 2000. Bozdogan, B. and Appelbaum, PC., Oxazolidinones activity, mode of action, and mechanism of resistance, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, Ti, 113, 2004. 

Me Dermott PF, Walker RD, White DG. Antimicrobials modes of action and mechanisms of resistance. Int J Toxicol. 2003 22(2) 135-43. 

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