Protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors

Acifluorfen is used in soybeans, peanuts, and rice, which are more or less tolerant to this herbicide. 

Bifenox, fluoroglycofen-ethyl, HC-252, lactofen, and oxyfluorfen have analogous structures and modes of action. The carboxyl group may be replaced by an ether group or an ester, and many other herbicides with related structures have been developed. Tetrapyrrol and protoporphyrin accumulate, act as photosensitizers, and cause photooxidation and necrosis. They are contact herbicides and are more active in strong sunlight. 

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Protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor (Chlorophyl biosynthesis pathway)... 

Durst, G.L. (1998). Comparative Molecular-Field Analysis (CoMFA) of Herbicidal Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase-Inhibitors Using Standard Steric and Electrostatic Fields and an Alternative LUMO Field. Quant.Struct.-Act.Relat., 17,419-426. 

Reddy, K.N., Dayan, EE. and Duke, S.O. (1998). QSAR Analysis of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitors. In Comparative QSAR (Devillers, J., ed.), Taylor Francis, Washington (DC), pp. 197-233. [R]... 

Durst, G.L. (1998) Comparative molecular-field analysis (CoMFA) of herbicidal protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibitors using standard steric and electrostatic fields and an alternative LUMO field. Quant. Struct. -Act. Relat., 17, 419-426. 

Wan, J., Zhang, L., Yang, G. and Zhan, C.-G. (2004) Quantitative structure-activity relationship for cydic imide derivatives of protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors a study of quantum chemical descriptors from density functional theory /. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 44, 2009—2105. 

F. E. Dayan, S. O. Duke, Phytotoxidty of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitors Phenomenology, Mode of Action and Mechanisms of Resistance, in Herbicide Activity Toxicology, Biochemistry and Molecular... 

Wan J, Zhang LI, Yang G (2004) Quantitative structure-activity relationships for phenyl triazolinones of protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors a density functional theory study. J Comput Chem 25(15) 1827-1832. doi 10.1002/jcc.20122... 

Zhang L, Hao G-P, Tan Y, Xi Z, Huang M-Z, Yang G-P (2009) Bioactive conformation analysis of cyclic imides as protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor by combining DPT calculations, QSAR and molecular dynamic simulations. Bioorgan Med Chem 17(14) 4935 942. doi 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.003... 

Meazza G, Bettarini F, La Porta P, Piccardi P, Signorini E, Portoso D, Fomara L (2004) Synthesis and herbicidal activity of novel heterocyclic protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors. Pest Manag Sci 60 1178-1188... 

Hao GF, Zuo Y, Yang SG, Yang GF (2011) Protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor an ideal target for herbicide discovery. Chimia 65 961-969... 

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