Mixing pharmaceutical materials mechanism

Fluid mixing is a unit operation carried out to homogenize fluids in terms of concentration of components, physical properties, and temperature, and create dispersions of mutually insoluble phases. It is frequently encountered in the process industry using various physical operations and mass-transfer/reaction systems (Table 1). These industries include petroleum (qv), chemical, food, pharmaceutical, paper (qv), and mining. The fundamental mechanism of this most common industrial operation involves physical movement of material between various parts of the whole mass (see Supplement). This is achieved by transmitting mechanical energy to force the fluid motion. 

The second part of the book covers zeolite adsorptive separation, adsorption mechanisms, zeolite membranes and mixed matrix membranes in Chapters 5-11. Chapter 5 summarizes the literature and reports adsorptive separation work on specific separation applications organized around the types of molecular species being separated. A series of tables provide groupings for (i) aromatics and derivatives, (ii) non-aromatic hydrocarbons, (iii) carbohydrates and organic acids, (iv) fine chemical and pharmaceuticals, (v) trace impurities removed from bulk materials. Zeolite adsorptive separation mechanisms are theorized in Chapter 6. 

Facilities and Equipment The technical experts who have an understanding of pharmaceutical science, risk factors, and manufacturing processes related to the product are responsible for defining specific facility and equipment requirements. The equipment must be qualified, calibrated, cleaned, and maintained to prevent contamination and product mix-ups. It is important to remember that the GMPs place as much emphasis on process equipment as on testing equipment while most quality systems focus only on testing equipment. Control Outsourced Operations Quality systems call for contracts with outside suppliers that clearly describe the materials or service, quality specification responsibilities, and communication mechanisms. 

Majeed et al. [56] reviewed natural fiber-/nanoclay-reinforced polymeric materials and their appUcation in food packaging. The biodegradable hybrid material obtained by mixing natural fibers with nanoclay particles exhibits improved barrier properties. This combination demonstrates excellent dispersion, compatibility with the matrix, and mechanical strength at low costs and is suitable for use with vapor-sensitive materials (electronic goods and pharmaceutical packaging) [56]. 

Reaction calorimetry is hardly a new technique. One often thinks of thermodynamics when one thinks of calorimetry since calorimetry has long been used to determine thermodynamic properties of materials and chemical processes. However, with the advent of automated reaction calorimeters such as Mettler s RCl, calorimetry began to be employed as a powerful laboratory tool for studying kinetics and mechanisms as well as scale-up and mixing properties of chemicals and processes in process development for pharmaceutical applications (Landau et al., 1994, 1995 Sun et al., 1996a). 

---