Miniaturization super

Super- or near-critical water is being studied to develop alternatives to environmentally hazardous organic solvents. Venardou etal. utilized Raman spectroscopy to monitor the hydrolysis of acetonitrile in near-critical water without a catalyst, and determined the rate constant, activation energy, impact of experimental parameters, and mechanism.51 The study utilized a miniature high-temperature, high-pressure probe for experiments... 

The explosive growth of semiconductor industry has been fueled by the relentless pursuit for miniaturization of semiconductor devices. The minimal feature sizes or critical dimensions (CDs) of semiconductor devices in mass production have shrunk from 10p,m more than 30 years ago to less than 100 nm in 2005. According to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, this miniaturization trend is expected to continue unabated with the production of sub-25 nm generations of devices later next decade [1]. The miniaturization of semiconductor devices has made it possible to offer a host of sophisticated devices and equipment, from super computers, personal computers, personal digital assistants, cellular phones to medical devices and household appliances, with ever increasing performance at steadily reduced prices per transistor or bit. 

Water and soil repellency has been one of the major targets for fiber and textile scientists and manufacturers for centuries. Combinations of new materials for fiber production with a variety of surface treatments have been developed to reach the condition of limited wettability. Nevertheless, additional efforts has been needed to create fiber and textile materials with ideal repelling properties. Nature has already developed an elegant approach that combines chemistry and physics to create super-repellent surfaces. Lotus leaves are unusually water repellent and keep themselves spotless, since countless miniature protrusions, coated with a water-repellent hydrophobic substance, cover their surface. Water cannot spread out on the leaves and it rolls around as droplets, removing grime and soil as it moves. 

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