Miniaturization objectives

Combined with microscale techniques, miniature object of photomechanical materials has found their applications as microactuators. Here, we introduce several microobjects based on the crosslinked PLCPs showing photocontrollable properties. 

The need for improved sensor performance has led to the emergence of micro and nanofluidics. These fields seek to develop miniaturized analysis systems that combine the desired attributes in a compact and cost-effective setting. These platforms are commonly labeled as labs-on-chip or micro total analysis systems (pTAS)2, often using optical methods to realize a desired functionality. The preeminent role that optics play has recently led to the notion of optofluidics as an independent field that deals with devices and methods in which optics and fluidics enable each other3. Most of the initial lab-on-chip advances, however, occurred in the area of fluidics, while the optical components continued to consist largely of bulk components such as polarizers, filters, lenses, and objectives. 

I felt myself rising through space. It was even as the Sphere had said. The further we receded from the object we beheld, the larger became the field of vision. My native city, with the interior of every house and every creature therein, lay open to my view in miniature. We mounted higher, and lo, the secrets of the eatth, the depths of mines and inmost caverns of the hills, were bared before me. 

The final example described in this chapter is that done by Schriebej and co-workers. They used a scaffold with multivariant sites derived from shikimic acid. However, the end products of their synthesis were compact, highly functionalized structures reminiscent of alkaloids.34 An objective of this study was to produce a very large number of compounds for miniaturized cell-based assays. In fact, about 2 million compounds were made. 

The papers in this section represent the theory and current industry practices in the separation process and in separator design. Because separation is such a basic requirement for the oil and gas industry, a wealth of information has been published concerning the process and the various design techniques used in the manufacture of separation equipment. Some of these techniques are proprietary, however, and the details of the design are not readily available. For instance. British Petroleum has done considerable design and testing of cyclone-type separation equipment in recent years with the objective of miniaturizing the equipment for use on offshore platforms. For further details on this and other proprietary equipment, one must contact the manufacturer or licensee of the equipment. 

The primary objective of miniature battery design is to maximize the energy density in a small container. A compromise must be reached, however, since volumetric energy density decreases as cell volume decreases and the dead volume due to containers, seals, etc. becomes increasingly significant. A plot of energy density as a function of total volume is given in Fig. 3.28 for the zinc-mercuric oxide and zinc-silver oxide systems. 

Usually, hardness is only measured on baked objects. This subject was already discussed in chapter 9 (see also no. 19 of this chapter). However, very little has been published about the hardness measurement of ceramic raw materials, i.e. powders. Such powders consist of miniature crystals and are sometimes used as abrasives. Obviously this use requires an extreme hardness. 

Jewelry, or pieces of metal, stone, or other materials worn for ornamental purposes, has existed for centuries and represents one of the oldest crafts known to humanity. Jewelry is a form of sculpture in miniature. Many pieces, if enlarged, would be successful decorative pieces. For our purposes, we address jewelry made of metal, although many other materials, such as beads, feathers, fiber, stone, wood, clay, paper, leather, glass, and natural objects, are used to make a wide range of modern jewelry. The metals most suitable for jewelry are the heavy metals, metals of high density, such as gold, silver, and copper. 

Miniaturization, one of basic trends in analytical chemistry, is playing a very important part in greening analytical methodologies.113-116 The main objectives of miniaturization are to... 

One long-term objective of this research is to utilize the finest attributes associated with the worlds of both biological and synthetic materials to create nanomechanical systems powered by biological motors. Important fields of application include miniaturized (nanofluidic) analytical systems,131 molecular sorting,132 controlled adaptation of materials on a molecular to mesoscopic scale,133 and engineering lipid and polymer membrane systems with cellular processes.134... 

Currently, the methods based on immunoassays are improved by introducing new analytical solutions (Dequaire et al., 2000 Dequaire et al., 2002 Blais et al., 2003 Hildebrandt et al., 2005 Dill et al., 2006 Nichkova et al., 2007) and miniaturizing analytical elements (Bannon et al., 2008 Wolbers et al., 2006a,b). The underlying objectives are to increase the sensitivity of the assays, to broaden the range of applications, and to simplify the analytical protocols. An attempt to replace radioactive... 

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