Minerals physical constants

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids and Polyalphaolefin Hydraulic Fluids. Limited information about environmentally important physical and chemical properties is available for the mineral oil and water-in-oil emulsion hydraulic fluid products and components is presented in Tables 3-4, 3-5, and 3-7. Much of the available trade literature emphasizes properties desirable for the commercial end uses of the products as hydraulic fluids rather than the physical constants most useful in fate and transport analysis. Since the products are typically mixtures, the chief value of the trade literature is to identify specific chemical components, generally various petroleum hydrocarbons. Additional information on the properties of the various mineral oil formulations would make it easier to distinguish the toxicity and environmental effects and to trace the site contaminant s fate based on levels of distinguishing components. Improved information is especially needed on additives, some of which may be of more environmental and public health concern than the hydrocarbons that comprise the bulk of the mineral oil hydraulic fluids by weight. For the polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids, basic physical and chemical properties related to assessing environmental fate and exposure risks are essentially unknown. Additional information for these types of hydraulic fluids is clearly needed. 

He returned to Upsala, passed his examinations successfully, and was placed m charge of the laboratory. Here, among Berzelius balances, blowpipes, and preparations, he became a true disciple of that great master. After completing some researches on the compounds of selenium, Nilson and Pettersson began to study the mineral euxenite, hoping to measure the chemical and physical constants of the rare earth elements... 

The various physical constants and functions are used for the identification of complex mixtures such as mineral oils, fatty oils, plastics, resins and silicates. Separation of these products into individual components is generally impossible, and methods had to be developed in which certain structural groupings of the mixtures are considered instead of individual molecules or atoms.To identify such complicated mixtures physical constants could be applied successfully for their structural group analysis and for the prediction of various important technical properties. 

The development of reliable methods for structural analysis of mixtures is very laborious. Physical data of pure compounds may serve as a base for the investigations. It has, however, been proved that not in all cases can these data be simply correlated with those of the mixtures. Thus correlations of physical data of pure, individual hydrocarbons often prove not to be valid in the analysis of mineral oils. In this case physical constants of mineral oil fractions of widely different origin form a more reliable basis for the structural analysis, provided that their structure has been determined by absolute methods. 

This was the first time that only two physical constants were used (the minimum number) to determine the ring-number of saturated mineral oil fractions. 

An example has been given here of the correlation existing between physical constants of saturated mineral oil fractions. Other examples will be given when the viscosity is discussed. 

In the n-d-M method use is made of three physical constants, namely the refractive index n (measured for the sodium D-line), the density d in g/ml and the molecular weight M, for the determination of the composition of mineral oil fractions. 

In Fig. 14 the correlation is shown between some physical constants of saturated mineral oil fractions, as well as the relation between physical constants and Rn and %Cr. This diagram shows how the ring-number Rn and the percentage of carbon present in ring structure, %Cr, as well as the molecular weight M and the density df, can be determined for saturated mineral oil fractions by means of their log v and values. 

In this section it will be shown that it is not only possible to determine the chemical structure of mineral oil fractions from physical constants, but also to predict the values of other physical constants, That it is possible to correlate the physical constants of... 

New methods of finding correlations between physical constants of straight-run as well as of saturated mineral oil fractions will be discussed below. 

The lines for equal values of o in the different cross-sections are parallel to the n axis. This means that the surface tension at a constant value of the viscosity and the density is independent of the refractive index and in fact of any other pl sical constant, i.e. the viscosity and the density are the only two physical constants of mineral oil fractions that are necessary to determine the value of the surface tension of these fractions. text continued on p. 48... 

The fact that only the two physical constants, viscosity and density, are necessary to determine the surface tension of mineral oil fractions, enabled Cornelissen, Harva and Waterman21 to construct a diagram with the coordinates log vand da4°. This diagram has been constructed by projecting the surfaces of equal values of the surface tension in the log v-n-d space model on the log v-d coordinate plane. In the diagram lines of equal values of the surface tension (at 20°C) were constructed (Fig. 43). 

A third example of the correlation of physical constants of mineral oil fractions is the determination of the surface tension from the ultrasonic sound velocity u and the density 22. 

The application of several methods for structural analysis of mineral oils is, in general, limited to those fractions in which no structural elements are present in larger quantities than normally occur in mineral oil fractions. In highly aromatic concentrates, for instance, the normal analytical methods (n-d-M v-n-d) may give inaccurate results, because different types of aromatics may influence the physical constants of the oil differently. 

The development of newer techniques (chromatography, thermodiffusion) for the separation of the different groups of hydrocarbons from mineral oil fractions allows a better characterization of such type-concentrates with the aid of physical constants. Combination of physical methods of separation with the statistical analysis of the products obtained, may lead to a more detailed and more complete knowledge of the composition of oils. 

Geelen8 investigated the influence of mono-aromatic and di-aromatic rings on several physical constants of mineral oils. 

Van Nes and Van Westen42 described the physical constants and elementary composition of intermediates in the complete hydrogenation of a large number of mineral oil fractions. These data were used by Geelen8 to study the behaviour of mono- and di-aromatics during catalytic hydrogenation. 

Grum-Grzhimailo, S. V., Anikina, L. I., Belova, E. N. Tolstikhina, K. I. (1955) Curves of spectral absorption and other physical constants of natural micas. Mineral. Sbomik. Lvov Geol. Obshch., 9, 90-119. 

For the sake of convenient reference, the foregoing minerals are given in the table on page 20, together with their more important physical constants. 

Secco R. A. (1995) Viscosity of the outer core. In Mineral Physics and Crystallography A Handbook of Physical Constants (ed. T. J. Ahrens). American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 218pp. 

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