Mineral matter groups

Class Group Fixed Carbon Limits (%, Dry, Mineral-Matter-Free Basis) Equal to or Greater Less Than Than Volatile Matter Limits (%, Dry, Mineral-Matter-Free Basis) Equal to or Greater Less Than Than Calorific Value Limits (Btu/lb, Moist, Mineral-Matter-Free Basis) Equal to or Greater Less Than Than Agglomerating Character... 

Figure 64 Food consumed by anchovy during a year, age groups 1-5. Total column, dry matter open column, total mineral matter, solid black area, glycogen light stipple, lipids heavy stipple, proteins.

Western subbituminous coals can be readily liquefied and desulfurized by non-catalytlc liquefaction vlth synthesis gas and steam at 400-450°C and an operating pressure of 3800-4400 psl. The mineral matter present In these coals functions as effective catalysts for promoting the water gas shift reaction and the reduction of carbonyl groups to oil soluble products. 

Mineral matter. Guven and Lee (11) have performed a characterization of the mineral matter found in several deep-basin lignite seams. Using core samples from Shelby, Nacogdoches, Panola, and Rusk Counties in east Texas (Wilcox Group), mineral matter has been processed using low temperature ashing (LTA) procedures. 

In summary, some qualitative inferences on the possible role of mineral matter and selected organic functional groups in determining product compositions in coal pyrolysis can be made from the present data. More quantitative information could be obtained by detailed spectroscopic and elemental analyses of the organic material and mineral matter in chars from coals allowed to proceed to varying extents of pyrolytic decomposition under well-defined reaction conditions. Some work to this end is currently in progress at CMU and MIT. 

Because of the complexity of the coalification processes, different measures are used to define different levels of rank (Table I) high moisture, low heating value, and nonagglomerating character of the coal define the rank (group) within the lignite and subbituminous classes and volatile matter (or fixed carbon) define the various groups of rank in the bituminous and anthracite classes. In addition to these properties, the reflectance of vitrinite, carbon content of the coal (dry, mineral matter free), and some other properties change proportionately as rank increases (Table I). 

A few years ago, an ad hoc group of workers interested in coal minerals. The Mineral Matter in Coal Group, prepared and distributed a round-robin low temperature ash to ten laboratories. Each laboratory was to prepare, mount and quantify the mineral components in the ash by their respective XRD techniques. The data were then compared. Even though a wide variety of techniques was used for each phase of the analysis, with the exception of the clay mineral estimates made by one laboratory (significantly lower than the others) and the pyrite estimate made by another (too high), the data compared reasonably well. The averages of all the submitted estimates are summarized in Table III. 

The term, mineral matter , usually applies to all inorganic, noncarbonaceous material in the coal and includes those inorganic elements which may occur in organic combination. Physically, the inorganic matter can be divided into two groups—inherent mineral matter and extraneous mineral matter. Inherent mineral matter originates as part of the growing plant life from which coal was formed. Under the circumstances, it has a uniform distribution within the coal. Inherent mineral matter seldom exceeds 2 to 3 percent of the coal [12]. 

In many liquid-phase applications, the bacterial colonization of activated carbons can occur quite readily [67]. This colonization [68] is considered to result from (i) the adsorptive properties of carbon, which produce an increase in the concentration of nutrients and oxygen as well as the removal of disinfectant compounds (ii) the pore texture of the carbon particles, which provides the bacteria with a protective environment (iii) the presence of a large variety of functional groups on the carbon surface, which enhances the adhesion of microorganisms and (iv) the nature of the mineral matter content of the carbon, which can favor bacteria adhesion. In general, bacteria attached to carbon particles are very resistant to disinfectants. 

---