Mineral hydrogen content

South African coals differ from most Northern Hemisphere coals in their geological age, unusual petrology and their high mineral matter content. If these coals are to be used for conversion to synthetic fuels then criteria must be found to enable predictions of their behaviour under liquefaction conditions to be determined. This paper describes the hydrogenation of a number of South African coals using two different techniques, to ascertain whether well known coal properties can be used to predict their hydrogenation behaviour. 

The effect of the mineral matter content and of the inorganic sulphur content on the hydrogenation of coal were also studied. 

The effects of the inorganic constituents in the coal were studied in two ways. Firstly, to obtain samples with varying mineral matter content, a coal was subjected to a float and sink separation. These fractions were subsequently hydrogenated. The analyses of the float and sink fractions are shown in Table IV. 

The elemental analyses of the products from the extraction of Bruceton coal are shown in Table III. The mineral matter was separated from the extract quite efficiently as shown by the ash content of the extracts and the insoluble residue. The elemental composition of all fractions was quite similar to that of the original coal. Only the hydrogen content varied to some extent, increasing with increased solubility. The elemental analysis of the products from the extraction of Ireland Mine coal was incomplete. 

The possibility of using the specific refraction instead of the hydrogen content in the analysis of saturated mineral oil fractions is due to the fact that there exists a linear relationship between the specific refraction and the hydrogen content %H. 

By means of equation (24) it is possible to calculate the value of %Ca of mineral oil fractions if molecular weight and hydrogen content of both the original and the saturated fraction are known. Olefinic compounds should be absent. 

Relative to lignite, metamorphic processes have decreased the oxygen content and the hydrogen content to produce coal with a higher carbon content (71%-77% w/w on a dry ash-free basis) and a heating value from 8,300 to 13,000 Btu per pound (mineral matter-free basis) subbituminous coal is subdivided into the following subbituminous A coal, subbituminous B coal, and subbituminous C coal on the basis of heating value... 

Inherent coal minerals are readily available and inexpensive catalysts for liquefaction, hydrogenation/hydrocracking and heteroatom removal reactions. In recent years, experimental work has been carried out to determine (a) liquefaction behavior of various coals with different mineral matter contents, (b) liquefaction behavior by adding various mineral matter in or to a particular coal or by reducing the mineral matter contents of a coal by some physical means and (c) liquefaction behavior in the presence of a variety of externally added catalysts. Some of these studies are briefly described below. 

The earth s crust has a mean hydrogen content of 0.14%, mainly as crystal water in minerals but also in compounds as oils and other hydrocarbons. Free hydrogen gas is present in locally high concentrations in volcanic gases and in natural gas. 

In life cyde assessments, the problem arises that production systems may have more than one output. For instance, mineral oil refinery processes may generate not only feedstock for polymer production but also gasoline, kerosene, heavy fuel oil, and bitumen. In the case of multi-output processes, extractions of resources and emissions have to be allocated to the different outputs. There are several ways to do so [31]. Major ways to allocate are based on physical units (in the case of refineries, for example, energy content, hydrogen content, or weight of outputs) or on monetary value (price). There may also be allocation on the basis of substitution. In the latter case, the environmental burden of a coproduct is established on the basis of another similar product. Different kinds of allocation may lead to different outcomes of life cyde inventories. The outcome of the inventory stage is a list with all extractions of resources and emissions of substances causally linked to the functional unit considered. 

There were marked differences in the concentrations of H, Ni and K in the concrete samples from the two reactors. The material from Loviisa had a hydrogen content (15200 ppm), which is higher than that of the TVO sample (4600 ppm) by a factor of four this was due to the presence of serpentine minerals with chemically bound water in the Loviisa samples. 

Neutron logs. A radioactive somce is transported within the sonde, and the neutron bombardment causes emission of gamma radiation in proportion to the hydrogen content of the formation. As nearly all the hydrogen is present in the fluids, but not in the minerals, the neutron log determines the porosity of the rock. Since not all the pore space is open to flow (some pores contain fluid sealed in by diagenesis) the neutron derived porosity is an upper bound on the flow-related porosity. Neutron logs can be used in cased holes. 

The fusion of hydrogen into helium provides the energy of the hydrogen bomb. The helium content of the atmosphere is about 1 part in 200,000. While it is present in various radioactive minerals as a decay product, the bulk of the Free World s supply is obtained from wells in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. The only known helium extraction plants, outside the United States, in 1984 were in Eastern Europe (Poland), the USSR, and a few in India. 

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