Microstructural characterization studies

Erlinger, C., Gazeau, D., Zemb, Th. et al. 1998. Effect of nitric acid extraction on phase behavior, microstructure and interactions between primary aggregates in the system dimethyldibutyl-tetradecylmalonamide (DMDBTDMA)/ -dodecane/water A phase analysis and small-angle X-ray scattering (S AXS) characterization study. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 16 707-738. 

Kurr P, et al. Microstructural characterization of Cu/Zn0/Al203 catalysts for methanol steam reforming - a comparative study. Appl Catal A Gen. 2008 348(2) 153-64. 

Powders microstructure characterization and morphology of the occluded hematite has been studied by transmission electron microscopy (Jeol JEM 2010). 

Vibrational Raman band intensities and frequencies are also dependent on temperature, applied pressure, and the intrinsic microstructure of the material. These second-order parameters may be extracted from measured spectra. Both X-ray diffraction lines and Raman bands from polycrystalline materials show increased broadening as the microcrystallite grain sizes decrease. In fact, for the hexagonal phase of BN, bandwidths vary linearly with the reciprocal grain size (13). Inherent stress in thin films is manifested in vibrational line shifts. Based on pressure-dependent measurements of vibrational frequencies in bulk solids, inherent stress and stress inhomogeneity can be determined in thin films. Since localized stress can influence the optical and electronic properties of a thin film, it appears to be an important parameter in film characterization studies. Vibrational features also exhibit temperature-dependent frequency shifts. Therefore, an independent measurement of temperature is sometimes necessary to deconvolute these effects. Reference to Figure 1 shows that the molecular temperature of a material may be determined from the Stokes/anti-Stokes... 

Two issues of great importance for the study of microemulsions are their equilibrium phase behavior and microstructure characterization. It should be noted that the pioneers in... 

Microstructural Characterization of Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels Post-Irradiation Annealing Experiments Joint EPRI-CRIEPI RPV Embrittlement Studies (1999-2004), Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, 2004, 1003531, and CRIEPI, Tokyo, Japan, Q980401. 

The derived formalism is based on Kirkwood-Buff s fluctuation theory of nonelectrolyte mixtures [203], which defines exact relations between the microscopic details of the system and integrals over its microstructure characterized by the pair correlation functions. The formalism was successfully applied to study the microscopic mechanism of supercritical solubility enhancement in non-electrolyte solutions [41], to interpret gas solubility [184], solvation effects on the reaction kinetic rate [204], as well as other solvation effects [205]. 

Bond strengths have been measured for the APS chromium oxides, and a study of the effects of various spray parameters (powder composition, powder feed gas, powder feed rate, spray velocity and gun/nozzle selection) has been completed (see previous reports). Property measurements (microhardness, tensile strength and elastic modulus at room temperature and 320 C, thermal expansion coefficient from 25 - 540microstructural characterization of the UTRC coatings have been completed. 

The LBM has been deployed for two-phase displacement simulations in the PEMFC gas diffusion layer and catalyst layer to study liquid water transport and flooding behavior. Owing to the complex microstructures characterized by significantly small pore size and small flow rate, the two-phase transport in the PEMFC porous structures exhibits the dominance of surface forces as compared to the gravity, viscous and... 

Nafion has been the subject of extensive characterization studies [1]. Its microstructure has been exhaustively studied by scattering methods, especially small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) [19-23]. Mechanical properties of Nafion as functions of temperature have been used to identify temperature-induced transitions [2,24—27]. Transport of protons and water has also been the subject of numerous studies over the past 25 years [28-34]. However, there has been limited progress in coimecting the chemical structure of Nafion to mechanical and transport properties, especially how these properties are altered due to environmental conditions. In this chapter, we will review recent studies of mechanical and transport properties of Nafion done under controlled conditions of water activity and temperature. 

The two main approaches for dealing with the mechanics of asbestos-cement composites are based on composite materials concepts (rule of mixtures) and fracture mechanics, Microstructural characterization of the composite has usually been carried out in conjunction with these studies, to determine the numerical parameters required for the modelling, such as the aspect ratio, and to resolve the pull-out and fracture processes during failure. The results of these microstructural studies wi II be reviewed first, since they provide the background required for the modelling of the processes which control the mechanical performance of the hardened composite,... 

Microscopic techniques are extensively used to study the surface morphology of reinforcing fibers. The characterization of microstructure of polymer fibers provides an insight into stmcture-property relationship of the fiber. Microscopy techniques have been employed for the... 

Physical metallurgy is concerned with the scientific study of materials. Phase transformations, recovery and recrystallization, precipitation hardening, structure-property correlations, characterization of microstructure by microscopy (optical, electron and field-ion), are some specific examples among the many topics covered under physical metallurgy. 

Fabrication processing of these materials is highly complex, particularly for materials created to have interfaces in morphology or a microstructure [4—5], for example in co-fired multi-layer ceramics. In addition, there is both a scientific and a practical interest in studying the influence of a particular pore microstructure on the motional behavior of fluids imbibed into these materials [6-9]. This is due to the fact that the actual use of functionalized ceramics in industrial and biomedical applications often involves the movement of one or more fluids through the material. Research in this area is therefore bi-directional one must characterize both how the spatial microstructure (e.g., pore size, surface chemistry, surface area, connectivity) of the material evolves during processing, and how this microstructure affects the motional properties (e.g., molecular diffusion, adsorption coefficients, thermodynamic constants) of fluids contained within it. 

We have shown in this paper the relationships between the fundamental electrical parameters, such as the dipole moment, polarizability and hyperpolarizability, and the conformations of flexible polymers which are manifested in a number of their electrooptic and dielectric properties. These include the Kerr effect, dielectric polarization and saturation, electric field induced light scattering and second harmonic generation. Our experimental and theoretical studies of the Kerr effect show that it is very useful for the characterization of polymer microstructure. Our theoretical studies of the NLDE, EFLS and EFSHG also show that these effects are potentially useful, but there are very few experimental results reported in the literature with which to test the calculations. More experimental studies are needed to further our understanding of the nonlinear electrooptic and dielectric properties of flexible polymers. 

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