MicroRNA signalling

Alternative microarray approaches are available that involve the 3 tailing of the miRNA molecule with poly(A), followed by labeling and hybridization. The NCode miRNA microarray platform (Life Technologies) involves the addition of the poly(A) tail to the miRNA prior to ligation of fluorescent dye molecules and subsequent hybridization to the antisense miRNA probes on the microarray chip. In the case of Affymetrix GeneChip microRNA arrays, the poly(A)-tailed miRNAs are labeled with a biotinylated signal molecule. A limitation of hybridization-based microarrays is that because of the small size of miRNAs, the Tm of the probes has a wide range that may diminish specificity and/or sensitivity for miRNAs with a low GC content (10,56). 

Cichoki F, Felices M, McCullar V, Presnell SR, Al-Attar A, Eutz CT, Miller Js. Cutting edge microRNA-181 promotes human NK cell development by regulating Notch signaling. J Immunol. 2011 187 6171-5. 

Yamanaka Y, Tagasawa H, Takahashi N, Watanabe A, Guo YM, Iwamoto K, Yamaslta J, Saitoh H, Kameoka Y, Shimizu N, Ichinohasama R, Sawada K. Abenant overexpression of microRNAs activate Akt signaling via downregulation of tumor suppressors in natural killer-cell lymphoma/leukemia. Blood. 2009 114 3265-75. 

Miao CG, Yang YY, He X, et al. The emerging role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Cell Signal. 2013. 

Biotin affects cell signaling by transcription factors such as cGMP, NF-kB, Spl and Sp3, receptor tyrosine kinases by calcium, nitric oxide, the biotin intermediate biotinyl-5 -adenosine monophosphate (biotinyl-5 -AMP), microRNAs (miRs) and by HLCS-dependent signaling. Biotin also affects gene expression at the posttranscriptional level (Collins et al., 1988), which is not the focus of this chapter. 

Ramirez CM, Davalos A, Goedeke L, et al. MicroRNA-758 regulates cholesterol efflux through posttranscrip-tional repression of ATP-binding cassette transporter Al. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol. 2011 31(11) 2707-2714. Merrill Jr AH, SuUards MC, Wang E, Voss KA, Riley RT. Sphingolipid metabolism roles in signal transduction and disruption by fumonisins. Environ Health Perspect. 2001 109(suppl 2) 283-289. 

Maharshak, N., Shenhar-Tsarfaty S., Aroyo, N., et al., 2013. MicroRNA-132 modulates cholinergic signaling and inflammation in human inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 19 (7), 1346-1353. 

Shaked, L, Meerson, A., Wolf, Y., et al., 2009. MicroRNA-132 potentiates cholinergic anti-inflammatory signaling by targeting acetylcholinesterase. Immunity... 

Thum T, Gross C, Fiedler J et al (2008) MicroRNA-21 contributes to myocardial disease by stimulating MAP kinase signalling in fibroblasts. Nature 456 980-984... 

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