Life Technologies

The number of new NIR fluorophores that can be used in biological systems has grown substantially in recent years as a consequence of extensive research efforts to improve the properties of available dyes. A brief overview of the various types of long-wavelength (above 600 nm) fluorophores including phycobiliproteins, BODIPY, and Alexa Fluor dyes (Life Technologies), Cy dyes (GE Healthcare),... 

References [52-54] do not include any data directly comparing squaraine rotaxanes with common cyanine dyes such as Cy5 (GE Healthcare) and Alexa 647 (Life Technologies). Nevertheless, from the available data it can be concluded that squaraine rotaxanes are remarkably resistant to chemical and photochemical degradation, and likely to be very useful as a versatile fluorescent scaffold for constructing various types of highly stable, red and near infrared (NIR) imaging probes and labels. 

Matthias Wiist, Institute of Life Technologies, University of Apphed Sciences Valais, Route du Rawyl 47, 1950 Sion, Switzerland... 

Source Wilson, R. 1979. Analyzing the risks of daily life. Technology Review. 81(4), 41 6. 

PCR reaction reagents (Perkin-Ehner and Life Technologies, Inc., Foster City, CA) Ultrapure 100 mM 4(dNTP) stock solution UV-irradiated dH20 Digoxigenin 11-dUTP (Boehringer Mannheim) PCR cocktail, lOX PCR buffer, MgCl2, a set of sense and antisense primers, BSA, Taq polymerase-Taq-start antibody complex (see Note 6). 

The use of enantiomers as additional markers for taxonomic characterization of aromatic plants may be very helpful. The differences in the enantiomeric distribution of trans- and cis- sabinene hydrates in two Origanum species enable the species to be distinguished in spite of their similar essential oil compositions. A further study on the natural variation of the enantiomeric composition within a wild population may be carried out in order to examine the stability in a taxon (including the possible presence of chemotypes). The enantiomeric ratio of essential oil components is a reliable parameter for assessing quality because it may be indicative of adulteration, contamination, aging, shelf life, technological process and the botanical source of a specific chiral compound. ... 

Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection reagent (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). 

Opti-MEM reduced serum media (Life Technologies) (see Note 3). 

FETAX medium can be purchased as a custom preparation (Life Technologies). 

Transfection, DNA uptake in eukaryotic systems, often is more problematic then bacterial transformation the mode of DNA uptake is poorly understood and efficiency is much lower. In yeast, cell walls can be digested with degradative enzymes to yield fragile protoplasts, which are then able to take up DNA. Cell walls are resynthesized after removal of the degrading enzymes. Mammalian cells take up DNA after precipitation onto their surface with calcium phosphate [Fugene 6 (Roche) Lipofectin (Life Technologies) Effectene (Qiagen)]. Electroporation is often more efficient for transfection in eukaryotic cell systems, especially in yeasts. 

Broad dynamic range of detection Customizable Cost effective Low throughput Life Technologies Taqman small RNA assays... 

Limited dynamic range of detection Life Technologies NCode miRNA microarrays... 

Alternative microarray approaches are available that involve the 3 tailing of the miRNA molecule with poly(A), followed by labeling and hybridization. The NCode miRNA microarray platform (Life Technologies) involves the addition of the poly(A) tail to the miRNA prior to ligation of fluorescent dye molecules and subsequent hybridization to the antisense miRNA probes on the microarray chip. In the case of Affymetrix GeneChip microRNA arrays, the poly(A)-tailed miRNAs are labeled with a biotinylated signal molecule. A limitation of hybridization-based microarrays is that because of the small size of miRNAs, the Tm of the probes has a wide range that may diminish specificity and/or sensitivity for miRNAs with a low GC content (10,56). 

Illumina GA (ll)a and HiSeqb Roche 454 GS FLX + Applied Biosystems SOLiD 5500x1 Life Technologies Ion PGM (318)... 

Horse serum (Life Technologies, Paisley, Renfrewshire, UK). Store in aliquots at -20°C. 

Prepare daily HBSS/BSA 10 mL sterile 10X Hank s balanced salt solution (HBSS, with phenol red, without Ca2+/Mg2+ Life Technologies, Bethesda, MD),... 

---