Microdialysis applications

Crochet, S. Sakai, K. (1999b). Effects of microdialysis application of monoamines on the EEG and behavioural states in the cat mesopontine tegmentum. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 3738-52. 

Figure 6.2 In vitro recovery versus flow rate for a typical microdialysis probe (CMA/ 10, 4 mm polycarbonate membrane, cut off 20,000 Da) in a quiescent medium and at ambient temperature. Typical flow rates used from brain microdialysis applications are in the range of 0.1 to 5 /ttL/min.

Korf J, DeBoer J, Baarsma R, Venema K, Okken A (1993) Monitoring of glucose and lactate using microdialysis Applications in neonates and rat brain. Dev Neurosci 15 240-246. 

Impedance electrodes have also been investigated as detectors for microchip microdialysis applications. An on-chip microdialysis system with inline sensing electrodes for impedance detection was developed [41], Cr/Au electrodes were used to determine the electrical resistance of changes in the concentration of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solutions that were used to characterize the system. The system monitored concentration changes with a 210-s system response delay. The lag time was attributed to dead volume in the tubing between the syringe pumps and the microsystem. 

Flentge, F, Venema, K, Koch, T and Korf, J (1997) An enz5mie-reactor for electrochemical monitoring of choline and acetylcholine. Applications in high-performance liquid chromatography, brain tissue, microdialysis and cerebral fluid. Annal. Biochem. 204 305-311. 

IL-ip is a well documented sleep factor (reviewed by Obal Krueger, 2003). Its administration increases sleep, its blockade decreases sleep and sleep rebound, and its transcription increases during waking. IL-1 receptor knock-out mice sleep less. Local application of IL-1 p in POA also stimulates NREM sleep. We examined the effects of local administration of IL-1 p and an antagonist through microdialytic application adjacent to lateral POA neurons (Alam et at, 2004). Neuronal activity is recorded within 0.5-1.0 mm of a microdialysis membrane in unrestrained rats. IL-ip potently inhibited the activity of 79% of wake-active neurons. The inhibitory response to IL-ip of wake-active neurons could be blocked by pre-treatment with IL-lra, an IL-ip antagonist. IL-ip application also excited some sleep-active neurons, but this response was inconsistent. 

Baumann, M.H. and Rutter, J.J., Application of in vivo microdialysis methods to the study of psychomotor stimulant drugs, in Methods in Drug Abuse Research, Cellular and Circuit Level Analysis, Warerhouse, B.D., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2003, 51-86. 

M. I. Davies. A review of microdialysis sampling for pharmacokinetic applications. Anal. Chim. Acta 379 227-249 (1999). 

J. Kehr. A survey on quantitative microdialysis Theoretical models and practical applications. J. Neurosci. Methods 48 251-261 (1993). 

S. Bielecka-Grzela and A. Klimowicz. Application of cutaneous microdialysis to evaluate metronidazole and its main metabolite concentrations in the skin after a single oral dose. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 28 465 169 (2003). 

K. Katayama, Y. Ohshima, M. Tomi, and K. Hosoya. Application of microdialysis to evaluate the efflux transport of estradiol 17-/7 glucuronide across the rat blood-retinal barrier. J. Neurosci. Methods 156 249-256 (2006). 

Benveniste H, Huttemeier PC. 1990. Microdialysis—theory and application. Prog Neurobiol 35(3) 195-215. 

Dawson LA, Stow JM, Palmer AM. 1997. Improved method for the measurement of glutamate and aspartate using capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection and its application to brain microdialysis. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 694(2) 455-460. 

Mendelowitsch A. 2001. Microdialysis intraoperative and posttraumatic applications in neurosurgery. Methods 23 (1) 73-81. 

Morrison PF, Bungay PM, Hsiao JK, Ball BA, Mefford IN, et al. 1991. Quantitative microdialysis analysis of trasients and application to pharmacokinetics in brain. Microdialysis in the neurosciences. Robinson TE, Justice JB, editors. New York Elsevier pp. 47. 

Westerink BH. 1995. Brain microdialysis and its application for the study of animal behaviour. Behav Brain Res 70(2) 103-124. 

Most electrode materials that are employed in LCEC can also be used for CEEC. The most commonly employed working electrode is a carbon fiber. Carbon fibers come in many different sizes and can also be etched to smaller diameters. Common applications of CEEC with carbon fiber electrodes are the detection of catecholamines in single neuronal cells and amino acids in brain microdialysis samples following derivatization with NDA/CN. 

We report here the results obtained by the use of a screen-printed electrode as electrochemical probe to be coupled with a microdialysis fibre for continuous glucose monitoring. The most significant advance is represented by the introduction of a mediator (PB) as the principal factor for hydrogen peroxide measurement. The improved operational stability observed with the PB-modified screen-printed electrodes has demonstrated that these sensors could serve as tool to be applied for the continuous monitoring of many analytes. The application to diabetic care seems to be the most promising and advantageous area in which to test these sensors. 

Results of the operational stability are extremely interesting for the future application of these probes to continuous monitoring of glucose using a microdialysis probe. 

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