Microbial drug resistance

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Anderson, Alicia D., Jennifer M. Nelson, Shannon Rossiter, and Frederick J. Angulo. 2003. Public health consequences of use of antimicrobial agents in food animals in the United States. Microbial Drug Resistance 9(4) 373-379. 

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Kolaczkowski, M., Kolaczowska, A., Luczynski, J., Witek, S., and Goffeau, A. (1998) In vivo characterization of the drug resistance profile of the major ABC transporters and other components of the yeast pleiotropic drug resistance network. Microbial Drug Resistance, 4, 143-158. 

O Hara FP, Amrine-Madsen H, Mera RM, Brown ML, Close NM, Suaya JA, Acosta CJ. Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in the United States 2004-2008 reveals the rapid expansion of USA300 among inpatients and outpatients. Microbial Drug Resist. 2012 18(6) 555-... 

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The emergence of microbial antibiotic drug resistance was speeded by the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in humans and livestock. Exposure to very low concentrations of antibiotic in meat or milk may have provided a path whereby human pathogens could eventually evolve high-level antibiotic drug resistance. Recently some strains of enterococcus and tuberculosis have developed resistance to all known antibiotic drugs. Inappropriate use of antibiotics is very common, and it accelerates the development of resistance in pathogens. 

Choose the best answer for the following. The emergence of microbial antibiotic drug resistance... 

Note The treatment of mycobacterial infections has become an even more important and challenging problem because of the emergence of multiple-drug-resistant organisms and because of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic, which has been associated with a marked increase in tuberculosis and infection caused by the M. avium complex. Because the microorganisms grow slowly and the diseases often are chronic, patient compliance, drug toxicity, and the development of microbial resistance present special therapeutic problems. 

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a significant problem, as microorganisms appear able to develop resistance to new drugs as rapidly as they are introduced. One of the primary means by which microbes become resistant is through the development or enhancement of methods for the extrusion of antibiotics out of the cell via multi-drug resistance (MDR) pumps [98]. The function of microbial MDRs remains a hotly debated subject given the very broad substrate specificities of... 

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