Microbes metabolism

The Monod equation is the relation most commonly applied to describe the rate at which a microbe metabolizes its substrate (e.g., Panikov, 1995). Taking ace-totrophic sulfate reduction as an example, the redox reaction,... 

Temperature. Most microbe metabolisms and enzymatic processes function well only in the range of 10-60°C, but in particular cases the active spread of temperatures is only 5-10°C. A classification of microorganisms that is sometimes made is with respect to peak activities near 15°C or near 35°C or near 55°C. The maximum heat effects of metabolic processes can be estimated from heats of formation when the principal chemical participants are known, for instance ... 

As mentioned previously, Prochlorococcus is the dominant phytoplankton group in the North Pacific trades biome. Recently, the fuU genome sequences of several representative Prochlorococcus ecotypes have been pubhshed (Dufresne et al, 2003 Rocap et al., 2003). It is important to point out that none of the three genomes sequenced contain nitrate reductase, the enzyme responsible for the reduction of NOs to N02, the hypothesized mechanism for the existence of the PNM layer. This is not to say that Prochlorococcus does not contribute to the PNM, rather that we have no evidence to date that they can utilize NOs . However, recent results suggest that a yet-to-be-isolated Prochlorococcus ecotype may contain nitrate reductase (Casey et al., 2007). Furthermore, the deep living/dark-adapted ecotype of Prochlorococcus, as weU as other microbes, can utihze N02 as a source of N for biosynthesis so the net effect of phytoplankton/microbe metabolism would be to erode, not to produce or sustain, the PNM. 

Molecular toxicology (5) fundamental understanding of microbes/metabolic pathways— Perry s Handbook for Bugs (4) models of exposure effects... 

Aerotolerant anaerobes Microbes that grow under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, but do not shift from one mode of metabolism to another as conditions change. They obtain energy exclusively by fermentation. 

G. Stotzky, Influence of soil mineral colloids on metabolic processes, growth, adhesion and ecology of microbes and virus. Interaction of Soil Minerals and Natural Organics and Microbes (P. M. Huang and M. Schnitzer, eds). Special Publication Number 17, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wl, 1986, pp 305-428. 

Emphasis is not on compiling a comprehensive review, but rather on problems and potential for research in this area. Allelochemical sources, synthesis, metabolism, degradation, binding in soils, and mode of action are briefly presented and discussed with regard to root-microbe interactions. Data on these areas is accessed with recommendations and suggestions for further investigation. 

Bioremediation systems in operation today rely on microorganisms indigenous to contaminated sites. The two main approaches, based on the actions of native microbial communities, are biostimulation and intrinsic bioremediation. In biostimulation, the activity of native microbes is encouraged, creating (in situ or ex situ) the optimum environmental conditions and supplying nutrients and other chemicals essential for their metabolism. The vast majority of bioremediation projects are based on this biostimulation approach. Intrinsic bioremediation is a remedial option that can be applied when there is strong evidence that biodegradation will occur naturally over time without any external stimulation i.e., a capable microbial community exists at the site, the required nutrients are available, and the environmental conditions are favorable. An additional prerequisite is that the naturally... 

Regardless of whether the microbes are native or artificially introduced into the soil, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which they degrade or detoxify hazardous pollutants through their metabolic activity. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for the proper design of bioremediation systems that provide the optimum conditions and the required nutritional supplements for the specific microbial process. 

Successful bioremediation requires microbes and suitable environmental factors for degradation to occur. The most suitable microbes are bacteria or fungi that have the physiological and metabolic capabilities to degrade the pollutants. 

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