Micro-testing program

Table I. Borg-Warner Micro-Testing Program,...

In an effort to understand hew the petroleum industry addresses the problem of fresh FOC catalyst evaluation, a survey of testing philosophies from 15 companies was conducted. The objective was to identify the merits of various steaming procedures as well as catalyst testing. The results of the survey shew that each laboratory has a unique testing program, with wide differences being practiced in both steam deactivation and Micro Activity (MAT)... 

Fig. 2. Results of interfacial shear strength measurements of the same fiber/matrix systems using four different micro-mechanical tests during a round-robin program involving 12 different laboratories, (a) Results for untreated, unsized carbon fibers, (b) Results for carbon fibers with the standard level of surface treatment. Redrawn from ref. [13].

Add a calculation of the operating parameters substrate consumption rate to micro-organisms ratio (Load), solids residence time (0m) and sludge age ((),) to the program. Experiment with variations in the values of these parameters under various conditions of flow and feed concentration to test their value as process control parameters. 

The EU s "FURIM" program targets the development of novel PEM membranes and related components for high temperature fuel cells and the testing of PEM stacks to evaluate their technical, economic and environmental impacts. Thirteen European partners are involved in the 4 million project. The EU s Hj-MINIPAC is focused on the development of micro PEM fuel cells using hydrogen as a fuel. 

The Micro-Flo has been tested by Environment Canada under the Development and Demonstration of Site Remediation Technologies (DESRT) Program. It is commercially available from see Environmental, of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, Canada. 

Dudfield et al. [88] presented results generated in the scope of the Mercatox program funded by the European Community aimed at a combined methanol steam reformer/combustor with consecutive CO clean-up by PrOx. First, various catalysts were tested for the reaction as micro spheres in a test reactor which was similar to a macroscopic shell-and-tube heat exchanger (Figure 2.57). 

Optimize of catalyst synthesis methods and formulations through extensive micro-reactor testing and use of characterization techniques such as temperature programmed reduction and CO chemisorption. 

These electrodes can be tested by appropriate software as SIMION [31] or other finite-element based programs. The suitability of the electrodes can be evaluated also by calculating their ability to store ions, in comparison with the ideal quadru-polar hyperboloidal geometry [32], to which the designers of micro traps aspire, and by dedicated experiment. 

In certain cases it will be necessary to provide for preliminary experiments. Programs for the computer-aided simulation of the micro-injection molding can be helpful in the early stages of part development and mold design. Under certain circumstances, such programs are overwhelmed by the size of the parts or structures. The programs available on the market should therefore be subjected to a detailed evaluation and testing phase. 

The solid friction is calculated by an energetic approach which is described in [1] and in more depth by Bartel [10]. The components of the solid friction are deformation and adhesion. The first one can be calculated from the elastic-, plastic deformations of the macro and micro geometry. To calculate the adhesion force, some assumptions have to be taken into account at the moment Adhesive bonding can only occur if plastic deformation of the material takes place and secondly if local temperatures exceed a critical value which lead to a desorption of the fluid film. Since the simulation program is not able to determine local temperatures yet, the second assumption cannot be tested. But it seems reasonable that the plastically deformed micro asperity also experience local temperature peaks. Since it is quite sophisticated to get reliable values for the shear strength in adhesive bonding, in this work one sixth of the universal hardness or plastic pressure limit of 100Cr6 (SAE 52100), respectively, is used ... 

XI.1 A correlation (see Fig. 4) has been derived between the carbon residue test by the micro method and the Conradson carbon residue test (Test Method D 189) in a cooperative program involving 18 laboratories and six petroleum materials. 

Samples were characterized by XRD (Siemens D5000 XRD spectrometer), FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, Hitachi S-4800), textural properties were determined by N2 adsorption/desorption experiments) and NH3-TPD (temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia). Catalytic properties of samples were tested in the cracking of a Bach Ho petroleum residue from Vietnam (370-500°C fraction) as heavy feedstock using a MAT 5000 micro activity testing system. The reaction conditions were 482°C, WVH=27, catalyst to feedstock ratio 3/1, reaction time 45 sec. 

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