Michael addition-retro-aldol

Crafts reactions, and oxidizing reagents like chlorine do not destroy this protection. The regeneration of the carbonyl functions has to be carried out with concentrated aqueous alkali and proceeds as a tandem hetero Michael addition/retro aldol reaction (Scheme 87). Although these drastic conditions set a limit to the general application of this protecting group, it has successfully been used in porphyrine total syn-theses. ... 

A gold-catalysed 3 + 2-cycloaddition-hydrolytic Michael addition-retro-aldol reaction of propargyl esters tethered to cyclohexadienones gives tetrahydrofuranones, diox-atricycloundecenones, and furofurans (Scheme 112). The product cyclohexenones or cyclohexanones with a y-quaternary centre result from multiatom transpositions... 

SCHEME 4.22 Gold-catalyzed [3-1-2] cycloaddition/hydrolytic Michael addition/retro-aldol cascade. 

Another example of a [4S+1C] cycloaddition process is found in the reaction of alkenylcarbene complexes and lithium enolates derived from alkynyl methyl ketones. In Sect. 2.6.4.9 it was described how, in general, lithium enolates react with alkenylcarbene complexes to produce [3C+2S] cycloadducts. However, when the reaction is performed using lithium enolates derived from alkynyl methyl ketones and the temperature is raised to 65 °C, a new formal [4s+lcj cy-clopentenone derivative is formed [79] (Scheme 38). The mechanism proposed for this transformation supposes the formation of the [3C+2S] cycloadducts as depicted in Scheme 32 (see Sect. 2.6.4.9). This intermediate evolves through a retro-aldol-type reaction followed by an intramolecular Michael addition of the allyllithium to the ynone moiety to give the final cyclopentenone derivatives after hydrolysis. The role of the pentacarbonyltungsten fragment seems to be crucial for the outcome of this reaction, as experiments carried out with isolated intermediates in the absence of tungsten complexes do not afford the [4S+1C] cycloadducts (Scheme 38). 

The recognition of consonant bifunctional relationships in the target molecule allows their disconnection by a retro-Claisen, a retro-aldol or a retro-Mannich condensation or by retro-Michael addition [equivalent, according to Corey s formalisation, to the application of the corresponding transforms (= operators) to the appropriate retrons]. 

Bifunctional systems In the case of bifunctional systems (or molecules) only two alternatives are possible the bifunctional relationships are either "consonant" or "dissonant" (apart from molecules or systems with functional groups of type A to which we have referred to as "assonant"). In the first case, the synthetic problem will have been solved, in principle, in applying the "heuristic principle" HP-2 that is to say, the molecule will be disconnected according to a retro-Claisen, a retro-aldol or a retro-Mannich condensation, or a retro-Michael addition, proceeding if necessary by a prior adjustment of the heteroatom oxidation level (FGI). 

In conclusion, the longest linear sequence of Yamada s (-)-claenone (42) synthesis consist of 40 steps (6 C/C connecting transformation) with an overall yield of 2.1%. The centrepiece of Yamada s synthetic strategy is the sequence of two Michael additions and a retro-aldol addition to provide a highly substituted cyclopentanone building block (52). 

The structural similarity between claenone (42) and stolonidiol (38) enabled Yamada to exploit an almost identical strategy for the total synthesis of (-)-stolonidiol (38) [40]. A short retrosynthetic analysis is depicted in Fig. 12. An intramolecular HWE reaction of 68 was successfully applied for the macrocyclization. The highly substituted cyclopentanone 69 was made available by a sequence that is highlighted by the sequential Michael-Mi-chael addition between the enolate 53 and the a, -unsaturated ester 70 followed by a retro-aldol addition. However, as is the case for the claenone (42) synthesis, the synthesis of stolonidiol (38) is characterized by numerous functional and protecting group transformations that are a consequence of Yamada s synthetic strategy. 

According to Yerma et al. [35] the mechanism of the reaction may be rationalized as involving (3-oxygenation of the bismuth(III) nitrate activated chalcone enolate, which may then undergo a Michael addition to a second a, 3-unsaturated ketone (Scheme 4.52) to form a 1,5-diketone enolate adduct 180. Subsequent heteroannulation with o-PDA via condensation and retro-aldol disproportionation may form 2-hydroxy-1,2,4,6-tetraaryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-pyridine derivatives 181, which may undergo dehydration to yield 1,2,4,6-tetraaryl-1,4-dihydropyridines 177. 

Heteroarylamines, for example 1195, react with (dimethylamino)propenoate 1196 to yield an imidazolecarboxylate 1199. The imidazole ring is formed via the intermediate diaminoalkenoate 1197, which undergoes an intramolecular Michael addition followed by a retro-aldol-like reaction (Scheme 294) <1998JHC1527>. Similarly, 4-dimethyl-amino-2-aza-l,3-dienes 1200, serving as y-dielectrophiles, condense with amines or hydrazines neat at 70 °C to form A -substituted imidazole-4-carboxylates 1201 in 60-75% yields (Scheme 294) <1999TL8097>. 

Michael addition, followed by an intramolecular aldol condensation to provide the seven-membered ring. Subsequent retro-Dieckmann reaction, dehydration, and ester saponification provide the bicyclic product in 98% yield. A related cascade reaction was recently reported by the same research group in which the reactions of various allylic halides with cyclopentanone derivatives provide seven-membered rings. ... 

The proposed reaction mechanism involves initially the activation of cyclohexenone by the thiourea group and subsequently a Michael addition of the tertiary amine at the p-position. The resulting enolate intermediate attacks the aldehyde performing an aldol reaction. Finally, a retro-Michael addition releases the catalyst to afford the product (Scheme 19.22). This mechanism supports the experimental results of the authors diethyl analogue 16b showed similar enantioselectivities, but significant lower yield for the reaction between 2-cyclohexen-l-one and 3-phenylpropionaldehyde, presumably because of the difficulty of the amine to perform the Michael addition due to confined space in the presence of the more flexible ethyl substituents. 

The Robinson annulation combines Michael addition to an a,/3-unsaturated ketone with intramoleeular aldol condensation (Section 18-11) to afford a cyclohexenone. Retrosynthetic analysis (Section 8-9) of the target molecule leads to the disconnection of two bonds in ring A the carbon-carhon double bond, by a retro-aldol condensation, and a single bond by a retro-Michael addition. The Rohinson annulation for the construction of ring A is closely related to the example in Section 18-11, which condenses 2-methylcyclohexanone with 3-buten-2-one. 

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