Methanol sustainable

A major problem with the new sustainable energy sources is their reliability. Inherently they will produce electricity as the wind blows and the sun shines. The need for power is not constant either, with peak demands during the day. Hence, ways are needed to store energy that enable release on demand. Synthetic fuels and methanol are candidates, but the most important will be hydrogen. It can be produced conveniently from water and electricity with a reasonably high efficiency of 70 %. Hydrogen is the ideal fuel for fuel cells. 

The spectra in Figure 2.44(b) show the dependence of the EMIRS response on the amplitude of the potential modulation. These were reported to indicate a decrease in coverage by adsorbed species on entering the region of sustained methanol oxidation, as would be expected. 

P. Stepnowski, K.-H. Blotevogel and B. Jastorff, Applied water-free recovery of methanol. A sustainable solution for chromatography laboratories. Environ. Sci. Poll. Res. 9 (2002) 34—38. 

Perchloric add, which is less adsorbing to platinum, showed a smaller sustained current than sulfuric and phosphoric adds, which more likely adsorb on platinum- Anions are considered to play important roles in the methanol oxidation, the adsorbate formation and its removal. 

High area platinum showed different voltammetric features from smooth platinum for methanol oxidation and provided slightly higher sustained current density. These results provided evidences that the morphology of platinum affects the mechanisms and the kinetics of methanol oxidation. 

Nbdifying the platinum surface with Nafion enhanced the sustained ciurent. This effects appeared to stem from the protection effect from impurities. Supplying methanol fit>m the gas phase did not show much differoice in the methanol oxidation characteristics from supplying it 6rom the electrolyte phase. 

The chronoamperometry curves at 500 mV in 3 M sulfuric acid with 1M methanol are shown in Fig. 4-9 and Fig. 4-10 for smooth and high area Pt-Ru electrodes, respectively. Although Pt-Ru electrodes showed less current than the pure platinum at first, they showed much less decay and higher sustained current. Even the electrode with higer coverage of ruthenium (I.IV for 15 s), which showed more than ten fold smaller current than pure platinum at first, gave higher ciirrent after 40s. In the case of... 

The lower initial current suggests lower catalytic activities for the reaction fi om methanol to COad- On the contrary, the higher sustained current suggests higher COad removal activi. This agrees with the high COad oxidation activity shown in the previous section. 

Methanol oxidation Greatly enhanced, Sustainable Greatly enhanced. Sustainable subtly enhanced... 

Extracts of hypericum may vary considerably in terms of the quantity and ratio of their constituents based on the extraction process used. Maximum extraction of hypericin and pseudohypericin is obtained with an 80% methanol solvent at 80°C (Wagner and Bladt 1994). Hyperforin is a lipophilic constituent of hypericum that is present in the oil extract (Chatterjee et al. 1998a). It is not very stable, but its presence is sustained by hot maceration of the flowers and storage in the absence of air (Maisenbacher and Kovar 1992). 

Methanol is known as wood alcohol. Generally, methanol is easier to find than ethanol. Sustainable methods of methanol production are currently not economi-... 

In Canada, InterGroup Consulting Economists (O estimated wood procurement costs in 62 forest zones across the country and generated cost data for the 20 zones having sufficient surplus roundwood to sustain a minimum 18,000 tonne per year methanol plant operation, based on a biomass recovery of 30%. The procurement costs shown in Table II represent the delivered chip cost, as in the Battelle study, but include capital and operating costs on an undiscounted cost basis. Unlike the Battelle study, the estimate is based on oven dry wood. The final results are very similar. 

Spinel oxides with a general formula AB2O4 (i.e. the so-called normal spinels) are important materials in industrial catalysis. They are thermally stable and maintain enhanced and sustained activities for a variety of industrially important reactions including decomposition of nitrous oxide [1], oxidation and dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons [2], low temperature methanol synthesis [3], oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon [4], and oxidative dehydrogenation of butanes [5]. A major problem in the applications of this class of compound as catalyst, however, lies in their usually low specific surface area [6]. 

Bittger, I., Pettinger, B., Schedel-Niedrig, T. et al. (2001) Self Sustained Oscillations Over Copper in the Catalytic Oxidation of Methanol, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

Meher, L.C., Vidya Sagar, D., Naik, S.N., Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 10, 248-268, 2006 Minami, E., Saka, S., Kinetics of hydrolysis and methyl esterification for biodiesel production in two-step supercritical methanol process. Fuel, 85, 2479-2483, 2006... 

Methanol production today is not a sustainable process but is part of a petrochemical route for conversion of fossil carbon into chemicals and fuels (see Section 5.3.3). It has to be emphasized that a one-to-one upscaling of existing industrial methanol synthesis capacities for fuel production is not useful. This is mainly because the current industrial process has not been developed and optimized under the boundary conditions of conversion of anthropogenic C02, but rather for synthesis gas feeds derived from fossil sources such as natural gas or coal. The switch to an efficient large-scale methanol synthesis with a neutral C02 footprint is still a major scientific and engineering challenge, and further research and catalyst and process optimization is urgently needed to realize the idea of a sustainable methanol economy. ... 

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