Metazoans

Antiparasitic. A general term for compounds that kill protozoan or metazoan infective organisms. 

Tubulins arose very early during the course of evolution of unicellular eukaryotes and provide the machinery for the equipartitioning of chromosomes in mitosis, cell locomotion, and the maintenance of cell shape. The primordial genes that coded for tubulins likely were few in number. As metazoan evolution progressed, natural selection processes conserved multiple and mutant tubulin genes in response to the requirements for differentiated cell types (Sullivan, 1988). 

Nelson, D.R. (1998). Metazoan P450 evolution. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 121C (special issue), 15-22. 

Malik, S. and R.G. Roeder. Transcriptional regulation through mediator-like coactivators in yeast and metazoan cells. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2000, 25, 277-283. 

DePamphilis ML Origins of DNA replication in metazoan chromosomes. J Biol Chem 1993 268 1. 

The genetic constimtions of nearly all metazoan somatic cells are identical. 

If the plasma membrane is relatively impermeable, how do most molecules enter a cell How is selectivity of this movement established Answers to such questions are important in understanding how cells adjust to a constantly changing extracellular environment. Metazoan organisms also must have means of communicating between adjacent and distant cells, so that complex biologic processes can be coordinated. These signals must arrive at and be transmitted by the membrane, or they must be generated as a consequence of some interaction with the membrane. Some of the major mechanisms used to accomplish these different objectives are listed in Table 41-3. 

Collagen, the major component of most connective tissues, constimtes approximately 25% of the protein of mammals. It provides an extracellular framework for all metazoan animals and exists in virmally every animal tissue. At least 19 distinct types of collagen made up of 30 distinct polypeptide chains (each encoded by a separate gene) have been identified in human tissues. Although several of these are present only in small proportions, they may play important roles in determining the physical properties of specific tissues. In addition, a number of proteins (eg, the Clq component of the complement system, pulmonary surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D) that are not classified as collagens have... 

Interestingly, homologues of some of the PAR proteins have been found in other metazoans where they also have a polarized distribution. For instance, in Drosophila, bagooka encodes a PAR-3 homologue that localizes to the apical surface of epithelia cells and neuroblasts moreover, bagooka is required for... 

Schaar Another connection between budding yeast and metazoan systems is that Ebl and its homologue in budding yeast, and also APC, are dynamically localized to the growing tips of microtubules. The connection isn t certain, but people place APC in the Wnt signalling pathway. Perhaps there is a non-nuclear pathway that is... 

Shagin DA, Barsova EV, Yanushevich YG, Fradkov AF, Lukyanov KA, Labas YA, Semenova TN, Ugalde JA, Meyers A, Nunez JM, Widder EA, Lukyanov SA, Matz MV (2004) GFP-like proteins as ubiquitous metazoan superfamily Evolution of functional features and structural complexity. Mol Biol Evol 21 841-850... 

Smith, W.D., Smith, S.K, Murray, J.M., Liddell, S. and Knox, D.P. (1993) Vaccines against metazoan parasites. Patent Application No. PCT/GB/93/0L521. 

Rajan, T.V., Porte, P., Yates, J.A., Keefer, L. and Shultz, L.D. (1996) Role of nitric oxide in host defense against an extracellular, metazoan parasite, Brugia malayi. 

Shelly metazoans, absorption through external shell... 

Many fundamental studies of PBs have been performed in yeast (Sheth and Parker, 2003 Teixeira et al., 2005). Mammalian PBs contain many core proteins found in yeast, but also contain a number of metazoan-specific proteins hence, some functions of mammalian PBs are likely lacking in yeast. Mammalian PBs (also known as GWBs [Eystathioy et al., 2002, 2003] or DCP foci [Ingelfinger et al., 2002 van Dijk et al., 2002], contain components of the 5 to 3 decay machinery (Xrnl, DCP1/DCP2,... 

J.E. Doeller, M.K. Grieshaber, and D.W. Kraus, Chemolithoheterotrophy in a metazoan tissue thiosulfate production matches ATP demand in ciliated mussel gills. J. Exp. Biol. 204, 3755-3764 (2001). 

Osheim Y, Mougey E, Windle J, Anderson M, O Reilly M, Miller O Ir, Beyer A, Sollner-Webb B. Metazoan rDNA enhancer acts by making more genes transcriptionally active. J Cell Biol 1996 133 943-954. 

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