Metal salts Microwave heating

If metal salts are heated in a solvent or solvent mixtures in the presence of thiourea, then metal sulfides are accessible. Based on this idea, thiourea has been widely used as a sulfur source in nonaqueous syntheses of ternary and quaternary metal chalcogenides [139-142]. Ai and Jiang presented the synthesis of hierarchical porous Cu2FeSnS4 hollow chain microspheres via a surfactant-assisted microwave-solvothermal approach using ben2yl alcohol [143]. Ionic liquids have also been used as solvents for the formation of metal sulfides MS (M = Cd, Zn, and Pb) by the reaction of thioacetamide with metal acetates in imidazolium-based ionic liquids [144]. 

The preparation of catalysts usually involves the impregnation of a support with a solution of active metal salts. The impregnated support is then dried, calcined to decompose the metal salt and then reduced (activated) to produce the catalyst in its active form. Microwaves have been employed at all stages of catalyst preparation. Beneficial effects of microwave heating, compared with conventional methods, have been observed especially in the drying, calcination, and activation steps. 

Metal cyanides(and cyano complexes), 216 Metal derivatives of organofluorine compounds, 217 IV-Metal derivatives, 218 Metal dusts, 220 Metal fires, 222 Metal fulminates, 222 Metal halides, 222 Metal—halocarbon incidents, 225 Metal halogenates, 226 Metal hydrazides, 226 Metal hydrides, 226 Metal hypochlorites, 228 Metallurgical sample preparation, 228 Metal nitrates, 229 Metal nitrites, 231 Metal nitrophenoxides, 232 Metal non-metallides, 232 Metal oxalates, 233 Metal oxides, 234 Metal oxohalogenates, 236 Metal oxometallates, 236 Metal oxonon-metallates, 237 Metal perchlorates, 238 Metal peroxides, 239 Metal peroxomolybdates, 240 Metal phosphinates, 240 Metal phosphorus trisulfides, 240 Metal picramates, 241 Metal pnictides, 241 Metal polyhalohalogenates, 241 Metal pyruvate nitrophenylhydrazones, 241 Metals, 242 Metal salicylates, 243 Metal salts, 243 Metal sulfates, 244 Metal sulfides, 244 Metal thiocyanates, 246 Metathesis reactions, 246 Microwave oven heating, 246 Mild steel, 247 Milk powder, 248... 

Despite some successes with the above pretreatments, the development of wet heat-induced epitope retrieval (HIER) procedures, which involves heating the fixed tissue sections in dilute metal-salt or buffer solutions at or above 100°C, for several minutes to 1/2 h, was the critical breakthrough in paraffin section immunohistochemistry (2, 7-9). Today, there are many variations of the original HIER technique. These differ primarily in the recommended buffer solutions and/or the source or mode of heating, but the basic formula of wet heat treatment over a fixed time period is similar. The most popular HIER technologies use microwave ovens, stainless steel or plastic pressure cookers, autoclaves, vegetable steamers or water-baths as the heat sources and low molarity buffers with acidic or alkaline pH (8,9,11-14). 

Preparation of metal fluorides under microwave irradiation A general procedure for the synthesis of metal fluoride is as follows, BMIBF4 (l-butyl-3-methyfimidazolium tetrafluoroborate), the ionic liquid (IL) solvent (precursor for fluoride ions), and the different metal salts at a weight ratio of 10 1, are mixed in a round-bottom flask fixed with a water condenser. All the reaction mixtures were heated in the above-mentioned... 

Traditionally, the synthesis of MOFs follows a solvothermal route, heating a ligand (typically in protonated form) and metal salt mixture in solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF) for hours or up to several days. However, this often produces small amounts of the desired crystals (ca. 1 g or less) and the amount of solvent required limits feasible scale-up. Other methods have been examined, such as sonochemical and microwave assisted synthesis, with both of these methods and others covered in an in-depth review by Meek. These methods are outside the scope of this report, which is limited to an electrosynthetic focus. 

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